Table 1. Characteristics of the subjects in the healthy and T2DM groups.
| Variables | Healthy group | Diabetic group | P- value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 51.62 ± 5.6 | 50.65 ± 5.31 | 0.18 |
| Gender | |||
| Female (N) (%) | 72 (49) | 75 (51) | 0.66 * |
| Male (N) (%) | 38 (52.1) | 35 (47.9) | |
| Education | |||
| Illiterate – elementary (N) (%) | 64 (43.8) | 82 (56.2) | 0.056* |
| Middle school (N) (%) | 24 (60) | 16 (40) | |
| High school (N) (%) | 13 (59.1) | 9 (40.9) | |
| College (N) (%) | 9 (75) | 3 (25) | |
| Total | 110 | 110 | |
| Weight (kg) | 66.79 ± 7.91 | 75.94 ± 11.52 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 165.78 ± 8.83 | 164.18 ± 10.87 | 0.23 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.45 ± 3.57 | 28.22 ± 3.82 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 73.81 ± 4.40 | 103.46 ± 8.73 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 95.27 ± 4.05 | 107.73 ± 8.83 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/week) | 961.12 ± 548.26 | 286.93 ± 154.77 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 87.69 ± 7.78 | 165.17 ± 31.39 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c % | 4.84 ± 0.46 | 8.34 ± 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 156.86 ± 62.22 | 148.94 ± 38.29 | 0.25 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 167.29 ± 64.89 | 159.37 ± 34.55 | 0.26 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 47.50 ± 10.43 | 42.55 ± 10.28 | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 89.27 ± 38.37 | 98.18 ± 41.76 | 0.1 |
| Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 31.37 ± 12.44 | 29.78 ± 7.65 | 0.25 |
| Low-density/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 2.04 ± 1.07 | 2.45 ± 1.36 | 0.01 |
| Atherogenic index of plasma | 0.49 ± 0.22 | 0.54 ± 0.15 | 0.08 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 80.23 ± 16.56 | 79.62 ± 18.32 | 0.79 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 12.69 ± 2.23 | 13.34 ± 3.01 | 0.07 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.14 | 0.86 ± 0.15 | 0.006 |
| Albuminuria (mg/24h) | 5.60 ± 2.09 | 10.62 ± 4.29 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.72 ± 9.96 | 125.36 ± 13.11 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.45 ± 7.34 | 76.18 ± 8.34 | 0.01 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 88.54 ± 7.41 | 92.57 ± 8.40 | <0.001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 45.27 ± 7.98 | 49.18 ± 12.20 | 0.005 |
| A body shape index (m11/6 Kg-2/3) | 0.036 ± 0.01 | 0.037 ± 0.01 | 0.35 |
| Abdominal volume index | 10.93 ± 1.29 | 21.56 ± 3.54 | <0.001 |
| Conicity index | 1.06 ± 0.08 | 1.40 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Lipid accumulation product | 24.45 ± 12.69 | 73. 43 ± 26.25 | <0.001 |
| Body adiposity index (Kg/m2) | 26.87 ± 4.01 | 33.59 ± 6.39 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | |||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 77 (70) | <0.001* |
| No | 110 (100) | 33 (30) | |
| Total | 110 (100) | 110 (100) | |
Values are expressed as means ± SD. P <0.05 was considered as significant using the independent t test for comparison between the two groups;
*
P <0.05 was considered as significant using the Chi-square test.