TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the included observational studies reporting mushroom consumption and risk of cancer
| Authors (reference) | Sex | Sample size, n | Dietary assessment | Outcome assessment | Country | Study design | Cancer site | Mean age, y | Total cases, n | Mushroom consumption (quantity) | Reported effect sizes: HR/RR/OR (95% CI) | Follow-up, y | Covariates in the fully adjusted model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. (34) | M/F | Total: 112,991; M: 44,664; F: 68,327 | FFQ | Self-report diagnosis of cancer, verified by medical records to confirm the cancer diagnosis | US | Cohort study | Prostate cancerBreast cancerOvarian cancerStomach cancerLiver cancerColorectal cancer | 52.9 | 9561 | Never or almost never<1 time/wk1 time/wk2–4 times/wk≥5 times/wkNever or almost never<1 time/wk1 time/wk2–4 times/wk≥5 times/wkNever or almost never<1 time/wk1 time/wk2–4 times/wk≥5 times/wkNever or almost never<1 time/wk1 time/wk2–4 times/wk≥5 times/wkNever or almost never<1 time/wk1 time/wk2–4 times/wk≥5 times/wkNever or almost never<1 time/wk1 time/wk2–4 times/wk≥5 times/wk | ReferenceHR: 1.07 (0.90, 1.27)HR: 1.15 (0.95, 1.39)HR: 1.01 (0.80, 1.29)HR: 1.06 (0.69, 1.63)ReferenceHR: 1.04 (0.96, 1.12)HR: 1.01 (0.93, 1.09)HR: 1.03 (0.93, 1.13)HR: 0.89 (0.77, 1.04)ReferenceHR: 0.83 (0.66, 1.04)HR: 0.83 (0.65, 1.06)HR: 0.95 (0.70, 1.28)HR: 0.87 (0.54, 1.40)ReferenceHR: 1.12 (0.76, 1.64)HR: 1.16 (0.77, 1.77)HR: 0.96 (0.56, 1.64)HR: 1.37 (0.62, 3.02)ReferenceHR: 1.05 (0.60, 1.84)HR: 1.85 (1.05, 3.25)HR: 1.67 (0.84, 3.33)HR: 2.40 (0.91, 6.33)ReferenceHR: 0.97 (0.87, 1.09)HR: 1.06 (0.94, 1.19)HR: 0.89 (0.76, 1.04)HR: 0.85 (0.65, 1.10) | 26 | Age, race (white or nonwhite), height (continuous), BMI (quintiles), family history of cancer (yes or no), physical exam in past 2 y (yes or no), history of colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (yes or no), smoking in pack-years (never smoker, 1–4.9, 5–19.9, 20–39.9, or ≥40), physical activity (quintiles), regular aspirin use (yes or no), multivitamin use (yes or no), total energy intake (quintiles), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, or ≥30 g/d), red and processed meat intake (quintiles), prudent diet pattern (quintiles), and Western diet pattern (quintiles); prostate-specific antigen test in past 2 y (yes or no) for men only; and menopausal status (premenopausal or postmenopausal), postmenopausal hormone use (never, past, or current), and mammogram in past 2 y (yes or no) for women only |
| van Gils et al. (35) | F | Total: 285,526 | FFQ | Cancer registries using ICD-O-2; C50 | 10 European countries | Cohort study | Breast cancer | 50.9 | 3505 | ≤0.3 g/d>0.3 to ≤1.8 g/d>1.8 to ≤5.2 g/d>5.2 to ≤11.1 g/d>11.1 g/d | ReferenceRR: 0.91 (0.80, 1.05)RR: 0.87 (0.76, 1.01)RR: 1.01 (0.88, 1.17)RR: 0.98 (0.85, 1.14) | 5.4 | Energy intake, alcohol intake, saturated fat, height, weight, age at menarche, parity, oral contraceptives, HRT, menopausal status, smoking status, physical activity, education |
| Masala et al. (33) | F | Total: 31,510 | FFQ | Cancer registries using ICD-O-2; C50 | Italy | Cohort study | Breast cancer | 50.2 | 1072 | <0.4 g/d0.4–0.9 g/d1.0–1.9 g/d2.0–4.0 g/d>4.0 g/d | ReferenceHR: 0.93 (0.77, 1.12)HR: 0.82 (0.67, 1.01)HR: 0.94 (0.79, 1.12)HR: 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | 11.25 | Weight, height, education, number of children, age at menarche, menopausal status, energy intake except alcohol, alcohol intake, current use of hormone therapy, smoking status, physical activity |
| Lee et al. (41) | F | Total: 1000 | FFQ | Medical records and laboratory pathology reports, confirmed histopathologically | China | Case-control | Ovarian cancer | 59.0 | 500 | ≤14 g/d>14 g/d | ReferenceOR: 0.76 (0.58, 1.01) | Not applicable | Age at interview, age of menarche, BMI, physical activity, total energy intake (kcal/d), parity, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, education level (none/primary, secondary, vocational/tertiary), smoking status, alcohol drinking, and family history of ovarian or breast cancer |
| Zhang et al. (42) | M/F | Total: 132,837; M: 60,351; F: 72,486 | FFQ | Medical records and/or histological slides of cancer | China | Cohort study | Liver cancer | 53.7 | 267 | ≤2.82 g/d≤5.88 g/d≤10.83 g/d>10.83 g/d | ReferenceHR: 0.71 (0.51, 0.99)HR: 0.73 (0.52, 1.03)HR: 0.66 (0.46, 0.95) | 10.9 | Age at enrollments, BMI, total energy intake, family income, education level, family history of liver cancer, history of chronic viral hepatitis, chronic liver disease, or cirrhosis, diabetes, cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy, vitamin C, E, or multivitamin supplementation |
| Zhang et al. (28) | F | Total: 2018 | FFQ | Histopathologically confirmed diagnosis | China | Case-control | Breast cancer | 48.4 | 1009 | 0 g/d<2 g/d2 to <10 g/d≥ 10 g/d | ReferenceOR: 0.88 (0.66, 1.19)OR: 0.81 (0.59, 1.10)OR: 0.36 (0.25, 0.51) | Not applicable | Age, residential area, education, BMI, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, HRT, breast cancer in first-degree relatives, total energy intake, menopausal status, alcohol consumption, active smoking, passive smoking, tea drinking, and physical activity |
| Zhang et al. (27) | F | Total: 876 | FFQ | Breast cancer diagnosed and histologically confirmed | China | Case-control | Breast cancer | 47.1 | 438 | <0.8 g/d0.8–2.5 g/d2.5–7.1 g/d>7.1 g/d | ReferenceOR: 0.95 (0.66, 1.38)OR: 0.69 (0.45, 1.04)OR: 0.65 (0.43, 0.98) | Not applicable | Age at menarche, BMI, history of benign breast disease, family, physical activity, passive smoking, and total energy intake |
| Zhang et al. (46) | M | Total: 36,499 | FFQ | ICD-O-3, coded as C61 | Japan | Cohort study | Prostate cancer | 55.7 | 1204 | <1 time/wk1–2 times/wk≥3 times/wk | ReferenceHR: 0.92 (0.81, 1.05)HR: 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) | 13.2 | Family history of cancer, BMI, education level, smoking status, alcohol drinking, time spent walking, 5-group meat consumption, vegetables, fruit, dairy products, coffee, and energy intakes |
| Mizoo et al. 2013 (31) | F | Total: 936 | Self-administered questionnaire | Japanese Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database | Japan | Case-control | Breast cancer | 54.1 | 472 | ≤1 time/wk2–4 times/wk≥5 times/wk | ReferenceOR: 0.73 (0.54, 0.98)OR: 0.60 (0.40, 0.91) | Not applicable | Age |
| Hara et al. (20) | M/F | Total: 781; M/F numbers not specified | FFQ | Histopathological grading and anatomical subsites of stomach cancers and colorectal cancers | Japan | Case-control | Stomach cancerColorectal cancer | 58.7 | 264 | Tertile 1 (3 g/1000 kcal)Tertile 2 (11 g/1000 kcal)Tertile 3 (28 g/1000 kcal)Tertile 1 (4 g/1000 kcal)Tertile 2 (11 g/1000 kcal)Tertile 3 (29 g/1000 kcal) | ReferenceOR: 0.76 (0.45, 1.29)OR: 0.71 (0.41, 1.23)ReferenceOR: 1.15 (0.51, 2.60)OR: 1.41 (0.60, 3.29) | Not applicable | For stomach cancer set, adjusted for smoking status (3 categories: never, ex, current), family history of stomach cancer, salt intake (3 categories), total energy intake (rank variable, 0–2), and JA Cooperatives membership; for colorectal cancer set, adjusted for smoking status (3 categories: never, ex, current), alcohol intake (3 categories), family history of colorectal cancer, total energy intake (rank variable, 0–2), and JA membership |
| Ko et al. (36) | M/F | Total: 9724; M: 3714; F: 6010 | Self-administered FFQ | Identified through record linkage with the Central Cancer Registry | Korea | Cohort study | Stomach cancer | 57.6 | 166 | Almost never1–4 times/mo1–4 times/wk≥1 time/d | ReferenceRR: 1.10 (0.79, 1.54)RR: 0.67 (0.37, 1.22)RR: 1.15 (0.46, 2.84) | 8.5 | Age, sex, cigarette smoking, BMI, alcohol drinking, and area of residence |
| Shin et al. (29) | F | Total: 718 | FFQ | Paraffin-embedded breast tumors by immunohistochemistry | Korea | Case-control | Breast cancer | 48.1 | 358 | <2.61 g/d2.62 to <5.36 g/d5.36 to <11.37 g/d≥11.37 g/d | ReferenceOR: 0.96 (0.57, 1.61)OR: 0.84 (0.48, 1.48)OR: 0.43 (0.21, 0.88) | Not applicable | Age, BMI, family history of breast cancer, current dietary supplements, education, job, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, menopausal status, age at menarche, parity, total energy intake, and vegetable intake |
| Hong et al. (26) | F | Total: 724 | FFQ | Mammography and histologically confirmed | Korea | Case-control | Breast cancer | 46.1 | 362 | 0 g/d2.45 g/d4.90 g/d9.80 g/d18.3 g/d | ReferenceOR: 0.48 (0.28, 0.81)OR: 0.53 (0.30, 0.92)OR: 0.64 (0.34, 1.18)OR: 0.55 (0.33, 0.94) | Not applicable | Education (y), family history for breast cancer, regular exercise (≥22.5 MET-h/wk), BMI, current smoker, current drinker, current multivitamin supplement, |
| number of children, menopausal status, energy intake, carbohydrate, soy protein, vitamin E, and folate | |||||||||||||
| Lee et al. (48) | F | Total: 262 | Not specified | Not specified | Korea | Case-control | Breast cancer | Not specified | 103 | ≤1 time/wk2–3 times/wk1 time/d | ReferenceOR: 1.00 (0.55, 1.81)OR: 1.11 (0.35, 3.59) | Not applicable | BMI, residence, occupation, family history, delivery miscarriage, breastfeeding, periods of breastfeeding, HRT |
| Lee et al. (30) | F | Total: 378 | Short FFQ method | First diagnosis of histopathologically confirmed | Korea | Case-control | Breast cancer | 63.0 | 189 | <1 time/wk≥1 time/wk | ReferenceOR: 0.40 (0.30, 0.70) | Not applicable | Age, education, BMI, and family history of breast cancer |
| Kim et al. (43) | M/F | Total: 272; M: 186; F: 86 | Quantitative food frequency method | Endoscopic examination confirmed by histologic method | Korea | Case-control | Stomach cancer | Not specified | 136 | Low (<25th percentile),Medium (25th–75th percentile),High (>75th percentile) | ReferenceOR: 0.38 (0.21, 0.66)OR: 0.30 (0.15, 0.62) | Not applicable | Age, sex, socioeconomic status, family history, and refrigerator use |
| Park et al. (47) | M/F | Total: 360; M: 222; F: 138 | FFQ | Confirmed by the histological diagnosis | Korea | Case-control | Stomach cancer | 51.5 | 126 | ≤4–6 times/y≥1 time/mo | ReferenceOR: 0.30 (0.20, 0.70) | Not applicable | Age, sex, education, economic status, and residence |
1
HRT, hormone replacement therapy; ICD-O, International Classification of Diseases for Oncology; JA, Japan Agricultural; MET, metabolic equivalents.