TABLE 3.

Results of subgroup analysis for potato consumption and risk of site-specific cancer in adults¹

Group	Studies (n)	ES (95% CI)	P value	P-within subgroups heterogeneity	P-between subgroups heterogeneity	tau2
Total cancer
total	18	1.04 (0.96, 1.11)	0.345	0.178	—	0.005
Gender
Female	7	1.05 (0.94, 1.18)	0.311	0.113	0.706	0.017
Male	6	1.02 (0.95, 1.10)	0.474	0.318		0.001
Both	5	1.09 (0.94, 1.27)	0.217	0.258		0.010
BMI adjustment
Yes	11	0.99 (0.87, 1.11)	0.881	0.333	0.327	0.002
No	7	1.06 (0.99, 1.13)	0.069	0.129		0.021
Continent
America	9	1.01 (0.93, 1.10)	0.678	0.394	0.111	0.001
Europe	8	1.08 (1.004, 1.18)	0.039	0.298		0.005
Australia	1	0.70 (0.44, 1.10)	0.127	—		0.127
Number of cases
<500	11	0.99 (0.87, 1.11)	0.881	0.333	0.327	0.005
≥500	7	1.06 (0.99, 1.13)	0.069	0.129		0.005
Colorectal cancer
Study design
Cohort	5	1.09 (0.91, 1.31)	0.310	0.132	0.99	0.017
Case-control	4	1.13 (0.86, 1.49)	0.372	0.152		0.033
Gender
Female	4	1.08 (0.83, 1.40)	0.133	0.07	0.97	0.037
Both	5	1.12 (0.93, 1.35)	0.102	0.259		0.010
Energy adjustment
Yes	8	1.08 (0.94, 1.26)	0.255	0.130	0.28	0.015
No	1	1.46 (0.90, 2.36)	0.126	—		<0.001
BMI adjustment
Yes	6	1.03 (0.87, 1.22)	0.703	0.187	0.04	0.014
No	3	1.29 (1.09, 1.52)	0.003	0.658		<0.001
Continent
America	4	0.89 (0.73, 1.09)	0.269	0.386	0.04	0.0006
Europe	3	1.24 (1.07, 1.44)	0.003	0.575		<0.001
Australia	1	1.14 (0.86, 1.49)	0.346	—		<0.001
Africa	1	1.46 (0.90, 2.36)	0.126	—		<0.001
Number of cases
<400	5	1.12 (0.87, 1.45)	0.345	0.245	0.98	0.021
≥400	4	1.09 (0.91, 1.32)	0.325	0.075		0.020
Pancreatic cancer
Study design
Cohort	2	1.23 (0.87, 1.72)	0.228	0.296	0.83	0.005
Case-control	3	1.23 (0.95, 1.60)	0.110	0.147		0.025
Gender
Male	1	1.02 (0.63, 1.64)	0.935	—	0.49	<0.001
Both	4	1.26 (1.02, 1.55)	0.032	0.214		0.015
BMI adjustment
Yes	2	1.59 (1.15, 2.19)	0.004	0.505	0.04	<0.001
No	3	1.09 (0.91, 1.30)	0.315	0.791		<0.001
Number of cases
<300	2	1.05 (0.85, 1.30)	0.640	0.888	0.08	<0.001
≥300	3	1.38 (1.10, 1.73)	0.005	0.378		<0.001
Continent
America	1	1.20 (0.87, 1.65)	0.266	—	0.33	<0.001
Europe	3	1.38 (1.01, 1.89)	0.040	0.253		0.020
Asia	1	1.06 (0.83, 1.34)	0.630	—		<0.001
Breast cancer
Study design
Cohort	2	0.95 (0.80, 1.14)	0.646	0.253	0.98	23
Case-control	2	0.95 (0.82, 1.10)	0.543	0.089		65
BMI adjustment
Yes	3	0.93 (0.83, 1.05)	0.290	0.211	0.29	35.7
No	1	1.14 (0.80, 1.61)	0.459	—		—
Energy adjustment
Yes	3	0.92 (0.82, 1.04)	0.209	0.455	0.10	0
No	1	1.23 (0.89, 1.69)	0.202	—		—
Number of cases
<1000	2	1.18 (0.93, 1.50)	0.155	0.75	0.04	0
≥1000	2	0.90 (0.79, 1.02)	0.103	0.99		0
Prostate cancer
Study design
Cohort	4	1.03 (0.96, 1.12)	0.318	0.405	0.28	0
Case-control	1	0.90 (0.69, 1.15)	0.414	—		—
BMI adjustment
Yes	4	1.04 (0.97, 1.12)	0.246	0.612	0.13	0
No	1	0.87 (0.69, 1.09)	0.233	—		—
Dietary assessment tool
FFQ	4	1.02 (0.95, 1.10)	0.436	0.274	0.67	22
24-h dietary records	1	0.93 (0.57, 1.49)	0.765	—		—
Number of cases
<1000	2	0.88 (0.71, 1.08)	0.228	0.804	0.12	0
≥1000	3	1.04 (0.97, 1.13)	0.221	0.456		0
Continent
America	1	1.07 (0.96, 1.19)	0.217	—	0.31	—
Europe	4	0.99 (0.90, 1.09)	0.890	0.386		1.3

¹ES, effect size.