TABLE 3.
Summary of studies reporting associations between intakes of total protein or protein sources and obesity outcomes1
| BMI | BMI z score (SDS) | %BF | Weight or weight SDS | Overweight risk | FMI or FFMI SDS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total protein | Scaglioni, 2000 (33) | Günther, 2006 (26) | Hoppe, 2004 (28)2 | Hoppe, 2004 (28) | Gunther, 2007 (27) | Voortman, 2016 (36) |
| Gunnarsdóttir, 2003 (25) | Gunther, 2007 (27) | Gunther, 2007 (27) | Pimpin, 2016 (31) | Pimpin, 2016 (31)2 | Voortman, 2016 (37) | |
| Hoppe, 2004 (28)2 | Günther, 2007 (14) | Günther, 2007 (14) | Braun, 2016 (24) | Jen, 2019 (29) | ||
| Thorisdottir, 2013 (35) | Braun, 2016 (24) | Voortman, 2016 (37) | Jen, 2019 (29) | |||
| Thorisdottir, 2014 (34) | Voortman, 2016 (36)2 | |||||
| Pimpin, 2016 (31) | Jen, 2018 (29) | |||||
| Animal protein (dairy and nondairy) | Thorisdottir, 2014 (34) | Günther, 2007 (14) | Voortman, 2016 (37) | Braun, 2016 (24) | Weijs, 2011 (38) | Jen, 2019 (29) |
| Weijs, 2011 (38) | Günther, 2007 (14) | Jen ,2019 (29) | Voortman, 2016 (36) | |||
| Braun, 2016 (24) | ||||||
| Voortman, 2016 (36)2 | ||||||
| Jen, 2019 (29) | ||||||
| Nondairy animal | Thorisdottir, 2014 (34)2 | Günther, 2007 (14)2 | Günther, 2007 (14)2 | Braun, 2016 (24) | Morgen, 2018 (30) | Jen, 2019 (29)2 |
| Pimpin, 2018 (32)2 | Braun, 2016 (24) | Pimpin, 2018 (32)2 | ||||
| Morgen, 2018 (30) | Jen, 2019 (29) | |||||
| Jen, 2019 (29) | ||||||
| Dairy protein | Thorisdottir, 2014 (34)2 | Günther, 2007 (14) | Günther, 2007 (14) | Braun, 2016 (24) | Pimpin, 2018 (32) | Jen, 2019 (29)2 |
| Pimpin, 2018 (32) | Braun, 2016 (24) | Pimpin, 2018 (32) | ||||
| Jen, 2019 (29) | Morgen, 2018 (30) | Jen, 2019 (29) | ||||
| Morgen, 2018 (30) | ||||||
| Plant protein2 | Thorisdottir, 2014 (34) | Günther, 2007 (14) | Günther, 2007 (14) | Braun, 2016 (24) | Pimpin, 2018 (32) | Jen, 2019 (29) |
| Pimpin, 2018 (32) | Braun, 2016 (24) | Voortman, 2016 (37) | Pimpin, 2018 (32) | Voortman, 2016 (36) | ||
| Voortman, 2016 (36) | Jen, 2019 (29) | |||||
| Jen, 2019 (29) |
1
FFMI, fat-free mass index; FMI, fat mass index; SDS, SD score; %BF, percentage of body fat.
2
Nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.05).