TABLE 3.

The effects of exercise on macrophage infiltration and polarization in rodent and human studies

Reference	N	Rodents or participants	Exercise intervention	Weight change	Macrophage/phenotype change
Kawanishi et al. (47, 124)	40	Male C57BL/6 mice	Treadmill running12–20 m/min × 60 min/d16 wk	Ø	↓ M1↑ M2↓ number of macrophages
Macpherson et al. (126)	27	Male C57BL/6 mice	Treadmill running3 d × 15 min/d at 15 m/min acclimation2 h at 15 m/min with 5% incline	Ø	↓ M1↑ M2↓ infiltration of M1-like macrophages
Linden et al. (125)	113	Male C57Bl6/J mice	Treadmill running40 min/d at 12 m/min with 8% incline4, 8, or 12 wk	Ø	↓ M1↑ M2↓ infiltration of macrophages
Luo et al. (128)	54	Male C57BL/6H mice	Treadmill running45% of peak running speed, with 5% incline, 1 h/d, 6 d/wk8 wk	↓	↓ M1↑ M2
Baek et al. (129)	49	Male C57BL/6 J mice	Treadmill running at 10 m/min for 60 minMice ran at different intensities from week 2 to week 8	↓	↓ M1↑ M2
Oliveira et al. (127)	24	Male Wistar rats	Swimming2-d swimming × 10 min/d acclimation3 h of exercise with a 45-min rest period	Ø	↓ M1↑ M2 Ø in infiltration
Kolahdouzi et al. (48)	48	Male Wistar rats	Treadmill running5 d/wk3 groups: Sedentary vs. CT vs. AIT10 wk	CT: ↓ 30% weight loss AIT: ↓ 40% weight loss	↓ M1↑ M2↓ number of macrophages
Shanaki et al. (130)	45	Male Wistar rats	Treadmill running (HIIT or CT)5 d/wk10 wk	↓	↓ M1↑ M2
Bruun et al. (9)	27	Individuals with class III obesity (15 females and 12 males)	2–3 h of exercise5 d/wk15 wkIncluded a diet	↓ ∼ 14% weight loss	↓ ∼55% M1↓ ∼40% number of macrophages
Auerbach et al. (119)	60	Healthy and overweight adult men	Endurance training for 7 d/wk4 groups: training-induced weight loss (T) vs. diet-induced weight loss (D) vs. training and increased diet without weight loss (T-iD) vs. control (C)12 wk	↓ 6% weight loss in the endurance training group (T)	↑ 2.5-fold M2Ø macrophage number
yakeu et al. (132)	17	Healthy overweight adults (9 males and 8 females)	Walking on treadmill10,000 steps 3 times/wk for 75 min8 wk	Ø	↓ M1↑ M2
Ruffino et al. (146)	19	Overweight adult women	Walking on treadmill3 times/wk for 45 min8 wk	↓	↓ M1↑ M2
Lee et al. (131)	26	Sedentary lean or overweight men with or without dysglycemia	2 sessions of strength training and 2 sessions of spinning4 h/wk12 wk	↓	Ø M1↓ M2↓ infiltration of macrophages

AIT, aerobic-interval training; CT, continuous training; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; lean (BMI ≤24.9); overweight (BMI 25–29.9); class I (BMI 30–34.9); class II (BMI 35–39.9); class III (BMI ≥40); ↓ : significant decrease; ↑ : significant increase; Ø no significant change.