TABLE 3.
Summary of changes in dietary and cardiometabolic outcomes in the healthy food prescription studies included in the systematic review1
| Changes in outcomes evaluated | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Design | Dietary behavior | BMI | BP | Plasma lipids | HbA1c | Details2 |
| Buyuktuncer (24) | Pre/post | ND | NR | NR | NR | NR | Fruit consumption (portions/d) did not differ between baseline (median 3; range 0 to 7) and follow-up (median 2.5; range 0 to 6). Vegetable consumption (portions/d) did not differ between baseline (median 2; range 0 to 7) and follow-up (median 2; range 0 to 4). |
| Izumi (39) | Pre/post | ND | NR | NR | NR | NR | Change in frequency of vegetable intake ≥2 cups/d = 25%. |
| Trapl (40) | Pre/post | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | Change in fruit intake = 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) servings/d. Change in vegetable intake = 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) servings/d. |
| Forbes (25) | Pre/post | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | Change in frequency of fruit intake ≥ 1/d = 25%. Change in frequency of dark green vegetables ≥ 1/wk = 25%. Change in frequency of orange-colored vegetables ≥1/wk = 50%. Change in frequency of other vegetables ≥ 1/wk = 25%. Statistical significance not tested |
| Orsega-Smith (42) | Pre/post | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | Change in fruit intake = 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) servings/d. Change in vegetable intake = 0.2 (–0.1 to 0.6) servings/d. |
| Bihan (37) | RCT | ND | ND | ND | ND | NR | Change in fruit and vegetable intake = 0.12 (–0.42 to 0.66) servings/d. |
| Weinstein (38) | RCT | + | NR | ND | ND | ND | Change in fruit intake = 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) servings/d. |
| Seligman (43) | Pre/post | + | NR | NR | NR | + | Change in fruit and vegetable intake = 0.3 servings/d. Change in HbA1c = –0.15%. |
| Emmert-Aronson (41) | Pre/post | + | + | + | NR | NR | Change in fruit and vegetable intake = 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) servings/d. Change in SBP = –6.7 (–7.5 to –6.0) mmHg. Change in BMI = –0.4 (–0.9 to 0.1) kg/m2. |
| Ferrer (44) | RCT | NR | ND | NR | NR | + | Change in HbA1c = –1.4% (–2.7, –0.1). |
| Bryce (26) | Pre/post | NR | NR | ND | NR | + | Change in HbA1c = –0.7%. |
| Cavanagh (27) | Pre/post with externally matched controls | NR | + | NR | NR | NR | Change in BMI = –1.1 (–2.0 to –0.2) kg/m2. |
| Feinberg (34) | Pre/post | NR | NR | NR | + | + | Change in HbA1c = –2.1%. |
BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ND, no difference; NR, not reported; RCT, randomized controlled trial; +, indicates beneficial change in the measured parameters.
Shows raw data corresponding to outcomes that showed a beneficial change (+). For RCTs and nonrandomized trials with pre- and postmeasurements in both treatment and control groups, we assessed group differences in change (mean, 
; SEchange), using formulae [1] and [2]:
[1]
[2]
where 
= control group mean at baseline, 
= control group mean at study end, 
= intervention group mean at baseline, and 
= intervention group mean at study end. For pre/post study designs without control groups, we assessed change over time with formulae [3] and [4]:
[3]
[4]
where r is the correlation coefficient within individuals, assumed to be 0.5 (80). For RCTs or nonrandomized trials with control group and measurements only at study end, we assessed group differences at the end of the study, using formulae [5] and [6]:
[5]
[6]