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. 2021 May 3;12(5):1673–1680. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab049

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Food-processing spectrum as defined by the NOVA framework. NOVA (a name, not an acronym) classifies foods as minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods based on the extent and purpose of industrial processing they have been submitted to (5). The figure provides examples of foods and the types of processing techniques used within each level.