TABLE 2.
Transcriptomic and proteomic preclinical and clinical studies of the effect of probiotics in metabolic signaling1
| Type of study | Treatment | Sample | Omics platform | Molecular mechanisms | Clinical outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal study | Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 (109 CFU) oral gavage, daily for 7 wk | Liver tissue | Transcriptomics (microarrays) | ↓Lipid transport-related genes | Attenuated HFD-related hepatic steatosis and hyperlipidemia | Moya-Pérez et al. (27) |
| HFD C57BL/6J mice (n = 5) | ↑Carbohydrate metabolism-related genes | |||||
| Animal study | Lactobacillus acidophilus La-JLH001 (109 CFU), oral gavage, daily for 20 wk | Gastrointestinal and adipose tissue | Transcriptomics (RNA-seq) | Glucose metabolism-related genes: ↓Slc10a2, ↑Slc9a3 | Limited HFD-induced hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia | Sun et al. (28) |
| HFD C57BL/6J mice (n = 8) | Cholesterol synthesis-related genes: ↑Hmgcr | |||||
| Animal study | L. johnsonii BS15 (106 CFU), oral consumption for 15 d | Hepatic tissue | Transcriptomics (RNA-seq) | ↑Fabp2, ↑Acsbg1 | Altered hepatic metabolism | Qing et al. (29) |
| Male chicks (Cobb 500) (n = 100) | ↑Plin-1, Plin-2, ↓Pla2g4a | |||||
| Animal study | L. reuteri ZLR003 (2 × 109 CFU), oral consumption for 10 d | Jejunum tissues | Transcriptomics (RNA-seq) | Enrichment of GOs related to arachidonic and linoleic acid metabolism | Altered colonic metabolism | Zhang et al. (30) |
| Crossbred Landrace × Large White) (n = 9) | ||||||
| Animal study | L. plantarum Ln4 (5 × 108 CFU), oral gavage, daily for 5 wk | Plasma, epididymal fat tissue | Proteomics (microarrays) | Epididymal fat tissue: ↓CRP, ↓ANGPT-L | Attenuated diet-induced obesity and modulated the expression of T2D biomarkers | Lee et al. (31) |
| HFD C57BL/6J mice (n = 5–7) | ↓IGFBP-1, -3, -5, ↓leptin, ↓lipocalin-2 | |||||
| Animal study | L. plantarum DSR M2 (109 CFU), L. plantarum DSR 920 (109 CFU), oral gavage, daily for 12 wk | Serum, liver tissue, and epididymal fat | Proteomics (multiplex bead array) | Lipogenesis-related proteins: ↓PPARα | Improved obesity parameters | Lee et al. (32) |
| HFD C57BL/6J male mice (n = 5) | Inflammation markers: ↓MCP-1, ↓TNF-α | |||||
| Randomized, double-blind, crossover study design. Healthy young male volunteers (n = 7) | Probiotic yoghurt (Thermophilic Yoflex Culture and LGG) per os, daily for 2 wk | Blood | Transcriptomics (RNA-seq) | Differentially expressed KEGG insulin signaling gene-sets | ↑Postprandial insulin response | Burton et al. (33) |
| Randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Healthy young volunteers (n = 7–8) | L. plantarum WCFS1 (1011–1012 CFU) pylorus infusion for 1 or 6 h | Pylorus tissue | Transcriptomics (microarrays) | ↓Degs1, ↑Fabp1, ↑Cd36, ↑Idh1 | Global transcriptomic changes | Troost et al. (35) |
Acsbg1, acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 1; ANGPT-L, angiopoietin-like protein-L; Cd36, clusters of differentiation 36; CFU, colony forming units; CRP, C-reactive protein; Degs1, Δ4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1; Fabp, fatty acid binding protein; GO, Gene Ontology; HFD, high-fat diet; Hmgcr, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; Idh1, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LGG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; MCP, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein; Pla2g4a, phospholipase A2 group IVA; Plin, perilipin; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; Slc, solute carrier family; T2D, type 2 diabetes; ↓, statistically significant downregulation; ↑, statistically significant upregulation.