TABLE 3.
Metabolomic preclinical and clinical studies of the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation1
| Type of study | Treatment | Sample | Omics platform | Molecular mechanisms | Clinical outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal study | Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis GCL2505 (BlaG), | Blood, cecum | GC-MS | Cecum:↑SCFAs (acetate, propionate) | BlaG: improvement of clinical parameters of metabolic disorder BlaJ: NE | Aoki et al. (40) |
| Μale C57BL/6J mice (n = 23–26) | B. longum ssp. longum JCM1217T (BlaJ (109 CFU) oral administration, daily for 7 wk | Plasma: ↑acetate | ||||
| Animal study | B. bifidum TMC3115 (109 CFU) | Cecum | GC-MS | ↑SCFAs | Lower risk of IgE-mediated allergies in adulthood | Cheng et al. (41) |
| Pregnant (day 13 of gestation) SPF BALB/c mice and their offspring (OVA immunization) (n = 18) | Oral gavage, daily from birth to day 21 | |||||
| Animal study | SIMFORT- VITAFOR (107 CFU) | Cecum | GC-MS | Neonates and adults: ↑butyrate | Protection against experimental asthma in adulthood | Nunes et al. (42) |
| Neonatal and adult C57BL/6 mice (OVA immunization) (n = NS) | Oral gavage, 3 times a week for 21 d | |||||
| Animal study | B. animalis IPLA R1 (∼5 × 108 CFU) | Portal blood, liver, subcutaneous adipose tissues | GC-FID | ↓Triglycerides | Protection against DIO metabolic outcomes | Salazar et al. (46) |
| HFD male C57BL/6J mice (n = 8) | Oral intake of 10% skim milk containing the strain for 10 d | ↓Stearic acid | ||||
| ↓Arachidic acid | ||||||
| ↓Palmitoleic acid | ||||||
| Animal study | Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 (1010 CFU) oral gavage for 5 wk | Whole blood and gastrointestinal tissues | GC-FID | Dams: ↓EPA, ↑γ-linoleic acid | Immunomodulation | Azagra-Boronat et al. (47) |
| Wistar rat dams and offspring (n = 48) | (3 wk of pregnancy and 2 wk of lactation) | Pups: ↓total saturated fatty acids, ↓palmitic acid | ||||
| Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel trial in healthy volunteers (n = 35) | L. plantarum Q180 (4 × 109 CFU) | Feces | GC-FID | ↑SCFAs | ↓Postprandial TG | Park et al. (48) |
| Oral intake, daily for 12 wk | ↑Indole and phenol concentrations | ↓ApoB-48 | ||||
| ↓ApoB-100 concentrations | ||||||
| Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized intervention trial | L. paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 | Venous blood | GC-TOF | ↑Putrescine | NA | Chorell et al. (49) |
| Healthy term infants (n = 84) | (108 CFU) oral consumption, daily from 4 to 13 mo | ↓Palmitoleic acid | ||||
| Randomized, placebo controlled infant study. Infants with high risk of asthma (birth to 6 mo) (n = 10) | LGG (1010 CFU) Per os, daily from birth to 6 mo | Feces | UPLC-MS/MS | ↑PUFA, ↑DPA, ↑ETA | Immunological tolerance | Durack et al. (50) |
| Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, early-life study. Newborns (birth to first year of life) (n = 49) | Polybiotic mix (107 CFU/g) (B. bifidum, B. breve, B. longum, B. longum ssp. infantis) per os, from birth to 1 y | Feces | UPLC/Q-TOF | Modulation of fecal fatty acids and sterol lipids | NA | Bazanella et al. (51) |
| Animal study | Lab4 mix (5 × 108 CFU) (L. acidophilis CUL21 and CUL60, B. bifidum CUL20, B. animalis ssp. lactis CUL34) and L. plantarum CUL66 | Fecal, blood, liver, and intestinal tissue samples | UPLC-MS | ↓Total cholesterol | Lowering of total plasma cholesterol, reduction of weight gain | Michael et al. (52) |
| Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 6) | Oral intake for 14 d | ↑Fecal unconjugated bile acids | ||||
| Randomized, double-blind crossover study | Bacillus subtilisR0179 (2.5 × 109 CFU) | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | ↑Deconjugated bile acids | NE | Culpepper et al. (53) |
| Healthy adults (n = 18–19) | L. plantarum HA-119 (2.5 × 109 CFU) | |||||
| Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis B94 (2.5 × 109 CFU) oral intake, daily for 6 wk | ||||||
| Double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Overweight or obese individuals (n = 25) | B. animalis ssp. lactis 420 (1010 CFU) + Litesse Ultra polydextrose. Oral intake, daily for 6 mo | Plasma | UHPLC-MS/MS | ↓Deconjugated bile acids | Improved gut barrier and obesity-related markers | Hibberd et al. (54) |
| Animal study | Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (109 CFU) | Feces | NMR | ↑Pimelate | Modulation of gut luminal metabolism | Sugahara et al. (56) |
| GF female BALB/c mice (n = 6) | Oral intake, daily for 14 d | ↑Butyrate | ||||
| Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial | B. bifidum W23, B. animalis ssp. lactis W52 and L. lactis W58, Ecologic Panda (109 CFU per strain) | Feces | 1H-NMR | ↑Lactate | Temporary prevention of eczema onset | Kim et al. (57) |
| Infants with family history of allergic disease (n = 60) | Oral intake, daily for 12 mo | ↑SCFAs | ||||
| ↓Succinate | ||||||
| ↓Lactose | ||||||
| Animal study MS C57Bl/6J male mice (n = 18) | B. pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 (108 CFU) gavage, daily for 21 d | Ileum tissue | HPLC-ECD | ↑Dopamine | Modulation of stress responses | Moya-Pérez et al. (59) |
| ↑Noradrenaline | ||||||
| Animal study | L. plantarum PS128 (109 CFU) Gavage, daily for 4 wk | Prefrontal cortex tissue | HPLC-ECD | ↑Dopamine | Amelioration of anxiety and depression-like behaviors | Liu et al. (60) |
| MS C57Bl/6J male mice (n = 10) |
1
BlaG, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis GCL2505; BlaJ, Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum JCM1217T; CFU, colony-forming units; DIO, diet-induced obesity; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; ECD, electrochemical detection; ETA, eicosatetraenoic acid; FID, flame ionization detector; GF, germ-free; HFD, high-fat diet; LGG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; MS, maternally separated; NA, not available; NE, no effect; NS, not specified; OVA, ovalbumin; SPF, specific pathogen free; TOF, time of flight; UHPLC-MS/MS, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; UPLC-MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; UPLC/Q-TOF, ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; ↓, statistically significant downregulation; ↑, statistically significant upregulation.