TABLE 4.
Metagenomic studies of the effects of probiotic supplementation on the gut microbiota and beneficial health outcomes1
| Type of study | Treatment | Sample | Omics platform | Microbiota composition changes | Clinical outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal study | Lactobacillus acidophilus (5 × 108 CFU) | Feces, rectum mucosa | 16S rDNA sequencing | ↑Bifidobacteria, ↑Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 | ↓Colonic inflammation | Wang et al. (64) |
| DSS-treated C57BL/6J mice (n = 60) | L. rhamnosus (5 × 108 CFU) | ↑Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 | ||||
| Bifidobacterium lactis (5 × 108 CFU) | ↓Alistipes | |||||
| Gavage, daily for 1 wk | ||||||
| Animal study | L. plantarum LP Onlly (109 CFU) | Feces | Shotgun sequencing | ↑Bacteroides | Prevention of gut inflammation | Chen et al. (65) |
| IL-10 knockout mice (n = 12) | Gavage, daily for 4 wks | WGS | ↑Akkermansia muciniphila | |||
| Single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled study | B. longum, L. acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis (1:1:1) (6 × 107 CFU) | Colorectal mucosa tissue | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↓Fusobacterium | NA | Gao et al. (69) |
| CRC patients (n = 11) | Oral intake, daily for 5 d | ↓Peptostreptococcus | ||||
| Prospective randomized study | B. lactis Bl-04 (1.4 × 1010 CFU) | Feces, tumor tissue | 16S rDNA sequencing | Fecal samples: ↑Firmicutes | NA | Hibberd et al. (70) |
| CRC patients (n = 28) | L. acidophilus NCFM (7 × 109 CFU) and inulin. Oral consumption for 31±28 d | Tumor microbiota: decrease of Fusobacterium and Peptostreptococcus | ||||
| Animal study | L. reuteri MM4-1A (108 organisms/mouse/d) | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑L. reuteri | Restoration of social behavior | Buffington et al. (71) |
| C57Bl6/J mice with autism spectrum disorder (n = 10) | Oral administration, daily for 4 wk | |||||
| Animal study | L. reuteri ATG-F4 (107 CFU/mL) | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑Bacteroidetes | ↑Serum dopamine concentrations | Beck et al. (72) |
| C57BL/6J male mice (n = 10) | Oral administration, daily for 4 wk | ↑Bacteroidales S24–7 | ||||
| ↑Prevotellaceae | ||||||
| Animal study | B. breve CCFM1025 (108 CFU/10g) oral gavage, daily for 6 wk | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↓Allobaculum spp. | Antidepressant effects | Tian et al. (73) |
| Chronically stressed male C57BL/6J mice (n = 10) | ↓Bifidobacterium spp. | |||||
| ↑Coprococcus spp. | ||||||
| ↑Oscillospira spp. | ||||||
| Animal study | L. plantarum LP3, L. rhamnosus LR5, B. lactis BL3, B. breve BR3, and Pediococcus pentosaceus PP1 (2 × 108 CFU/mL), oral administration, daily for 8 wk | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑Bifidobacterium spp. | Antidepressant effects | Liu et al. (74) |
| ICR stressed mice (n = 10) | ||||||
| Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Healthy elders (>65 y) | B. bifidum BGN4 (109 CFU/d) | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↓Eubacterium, ↓Clostridiales | ↑Cognitive function | Kim et al. (75) |
| B. longum BORI (109 CFU/d) | ↓Prevotellaceae, ↓Allisonella | |||||
| Oral intake, daily for 12 wk | ||||||
| Double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial. Healthy students (n = 29) | Heat-killed L. gasseri CP2305 (1010 CFU) per os, 2 tablets daily for 24 wk | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑Bifidobacterium spp. | Ameliorated sleep disturbance and anxiety | Nishida et al. (76) |
| ↓Streptococcus spp. | ||||||
| Animal study | L. rhamnosus GG (107 CFU), oral administration, daily for 10 wk | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↓Oscillospira spp. | ↓Weight gain | Ji et al. (78) |
| HFD C57BL/6J mice (n = 7) | ↓Organ weight | |||||
| Animal study | B. pseudolongum (1011 CFU), gavage, daily for 6 wk | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑Butyricimonas, ↑Bifidobacterium | ↓Body mass and visceral fat | Bo et al. (79) |
| HFD C57BL/6J mice (n = 6) | ↑Odoribacter | ↓Plasma triglycerides | ||||
| ↓Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio | ||||||
| Animal study | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 (108 CFU), oral consumption, daily for 8 wk | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↓Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio | ↓Subcutaneous fat weight, ↓insulin resistance | Wang et al. (80) |
| HFD C57BL/6J mice (n = 15) | ||||||
| Animal study | L. plantarum FZU3013 (109 CFU/mL), oral consumption, daily for 8 wk | Feces | 16S rRNA sequencing | ↑Alistipes | Potential role in prevention of NAFL and hyperlipidemia | Chen et al. (81) |
| HFD SPF Kunning mice (n = 8) |
1
CFU, colony forming units; CRC, colorectal cancer; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; HFD, high-fat diet; ICR, Institute of Cancer Research; NA, not available; NAFL, nonalcoholic fatty liver; SPF, specific pathogen free; WGS, whole genome sequencing; ↓, statistically significant downregulation; ↑, statistically significant upregulation.