Table 4.

Modification strategies in anabolic pathway for l-arginine, l-ornithine, and l-citrulline production.

Strains	Substrate	Titer g l−1	Product	Cultivation	Modulations	Reference
C.glutamicumΔAPE6937	Glucose	13.6	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Two stages of adaptive evolution based on the growth selection	[69]
C. glutamicum Orn10	Glucose	20.8	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Insertion of a terminator in the upstream region proB	[205]
C. glutamicum ORN1	Glucose	12.1	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Removal of feedback inhibition through site-directed mutagenesis of ArgB	[67]
C. crenatum Cc-QF-4	Glucose	40.4	Ornithine	Bioreactor; batch	Deletion of argF; the heterologous expression of argA from E. coli and argE from Serratia marcescens	[161]
C. glutamicum SJ8074 (pEK-Ptrc::1469)	Glucose	0.32	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Insertion of a strong Ptrc promoter in the upstream region of ncgl1469 gene	[57]
C. glutamicum SJC8514 (pEK-CJBDmut)	Glucose	12.48	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Co-expression of ncgl0462 and argCJBD	[75]
C. glutamicum SO4	Glucose	26.8	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Insertion of a strong Ptac promoter in the upstream region of cg3035	[208]
C. glutamicum 1006△argR-argJ	Glucose	31.6	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Overexpression of argJ	[218]
C. glutamicum CO9	Glucose	6.1	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Insertion of a T4 terminator in the upstream region argF	[210]
C. glutamicum 1006ΔargR	Glucose	28.3	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Removal of feedback repression of ArgR by deletion of argR	[69]
C. glutamicum ΔAPE6937R42	Glucose	0.23	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Removal of feedback repression of ArgR by deletion of argR	[77]
C. glutamicum YW03	Glucose	17.3	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Removal of feedback repression of ArgR by deletion of argR	[69]
C. glutamicum Sorn10	Glucose	15.1	Ornithine	Shake flask; batch	Removal of feedback repression of ArgR by deletion of argR; the deletion of argF; the heterologous expression of argCJBD	[209]
C. crenatum pJCtac-argJ	Glucose	42.4	Arginine	Bioreactor; batch	Insertion of a strong Ptac promoter in the upstream region of argJ	[30]
C. crenatum SYPA-9039	Glucose	45.30	Arginine	Bioreactor; batch	Overexpression of argCJBDFRGH cluster; the inactivation of argR	[195]
C. crenatum Cc1	Glucose	53.2	Arginine	Bioreactor; fed-batch	Insertion of a strong Peftu promoter in the upstream region of argGH and argCJBDFR operons; the inactivation of argR	[107]
C. crenatum H-7 GH	Glucose	67.92	Arginine	Bioreactor; fed-batch	Overexpression of argGH operon	[217]
C. glutamicum JML05	Glucose	51.96	Arginine	Bioreactor; fed-batch	Removal of feedback repression of ArgR and FarR	[203]
C. crenatum MT-M4	Glucose	12.3	Arginine	Shake flask; batch	Removal of feedback inhibition through site-directed mutagenesis of ArgB	[206]
C. crenatum SYPA-argBEH3	Glucose	61.2	Arginine	Bioreactor; batch	Removal of feedback inhibition through site-directed mutagenesis of ArgB	[213]
C. glutamicum AR6	Glucose	92.5	Arginine	Bioreactor; fed-batch	Overexpression of argGH and argCJBDFR operons; the removal of feedback repression of ArgR and FarR; the insertion of a strong Psod promoter in the upstream region of carAB	[46]
C. glutamicum CIT2	Glucose	5.43	Citrulline	Shake flask; batch	Deletion of argR and argG	[46]
C. glutamicum ΔAPE6937R42	Glucose	7.72a	Citrulline	Shake flask; batch	Co-expression of argF and argBfbr	[31]
C. glutamicum 1006ΔargR	Glucose	8.51	Citrulline	Shake flask; batch	Overexpression of argJ	[46]

^aThese values were not described in the main text of the original reference and thus estimated from the figure or graph.