Table 1.
Proposed criteria and cut-offs of measurements for different operational definitions of sarcopenia and Fried model for frailty
| Parameter | EWGSOP (2010)2 | EWGSOP2 (2018)3 | FNIH (2014)17 | AWGS (2014)22 | AWGS (2019)21 | Fried model (2001)8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle mass | Shrinking: at least 5% unintentional weight loss in 12 months Exhaustion: self-report using the CES-D scale Weakness: poor grip strength, stratified by sex and BMI quartiles Slowness: gait speed, stratified by sex and height Low physical activity: <383 kcal/wk (M) or <270 kcal/wk (F) (3 or more of the above criteria to diagnose frailty) |
|||||
| DXA (ASM/height2) | <7.26 kg/m2 (M) | <7.0 kg/m2 (M) | <0.789 m2 (M)a | <7.0 kg/m2 (M) | <7.0 kg/m2 (M) | |
| <5.5 kg/m2 (F) | <5.5 kg/m2 (F) | <0.512 m2 (F)a | <5.4 kg/m2 (F) | <5.4 kg/m2 (F) | ||
| BIA (ASM/height2) | <8.87 kg/m2 (M) | <7.0 kg/m2 (M) | <7.0 kg/m2 (M) | |||
| <6.42 kg/m2 (F) | <5.7 kg/m2 (F) | <5.7 kg/m2 (F) | ||||
| Muscle strength | ||||||
| Hand grip strength | <30 kg (M) <20 kg (F) |
<27 kg (M) <16 kg (F) |
<26 kg (M) <16 kg (F) |
<26 kg (M) <18 kg (F) |
<28 kg (M) <18 kg (F) |
|
| 5-Times chair stand test | ≥15 s | |||||
| Muscle performance | ||||||
| Gait speed (4-m) | <0.8 m/s | ≤0.8 m/s | <0.8 m/s | <0.8 m/s | <1.0 m/sb | |
| 400-m Walk test | Non-completion or ≥6 min for completion | |||||
| 5-Times chair stand test | ≥12 s | |||||
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; AWGS, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Centre for Epidemiological Studies depression scale; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; F, female; FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Consortium Sarcopenia Project; M, male; SM, skeletal muscle mass.
a
FNIH defines low lean muscle mass using appendicular skeletal muscle mass adjusted for body mass index.
b
6-Meter walk: <1.0 m/s.