Table 2.
Studies that have evaluated the covariate-adjusted associations between sarcopenia/frailty and adverse health outcomesa
| Authors, year, reference | Study population (no. of participants) | Instrumentation | Length of follow-up (yr) | Mortality (aHR ± 95% CI) | Hospitalization (aHR ± 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopenia | |||||
| Chang et al. (2011)59 | Stages 1–5 CKD (n = 128) | HGS | 2.8 | 0.90 (0.84–0.97)b | — |
| Roshanravan et al. (2013)60 | Stages 2–4 CKD (n = 385) | Gait speed (per 0.1m/s slower) TUAG (per 1-s slower) 6-min walk (per 50-m decrease) HGS (per 5-kg decrease) |
3.0 | 1.26 (1.09–1.47) 1.08 (1.01–1.14) 1.15 (0.98–1.36) 1.07 (0.92–1.24) |
— |
| Pereira et al. (2015)61 | Stages 3–5 CKD (n = 287) | HGS and muscle mass (BIA) | 3.3 | 3.02 (1.30–7.05) | — |
| Isoyama et al. (2014)13 | Dialysis (n = 330) | HGS and muscle mass (DEXA) | 2.4 | 1.93 (1.01–3.71) | — |
| Kittiskulnam et al. (2017)14 | Dialysis (n = 645) | HGS and muscle mass (BIA) Gait speed and muscle mass (BIA) |
1.9 | 2.83 (1.27–6.33) 3.31 (1.54–7.12) |
— |
| Frailty | |||||
| Wilhelm-Leen et al. (2009)19 | Stages 1–5 CKD (n = 10,256) | Modified Fried criteria | 135 person months | 2.00 (1.50–2.70) | — |
| Roshanravan et al. (2012)62 | Stages 1–4 CKD (n = 336) | Fried criteria | 2.6 | 2.50 (1.40–4.40)c | — |
| Delgado et al. (2015)63 | Stages 3–5 CKD (n = 812) | Modified Fried criteria | 17 | 1.48 (1.08–2.00) | — |
| Pugh et al. (2016)64 | Stage 4 CKD (n = 283) | Clinical Frailty Scale | 3 | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) | — |
| Johansen et al. (2007)65 | Dialysis (n = 2,275) | Modified Fried criteria | 1 | 2.24 (1.60–3.15) | 1.56 (1.36–1.79)d |
| Bao et al. (2012)66 | Dialysis (n = 1,576) | Modified Fried criteria | 2.9 | 1.57 (1.25–1.97) | 1.26 (1.09–1.45)e |
| McAdams De-Marco et al. (2013)67 | Dialysis (n = 146) | Fried criteria | 3 | 2.60 (1.04–6.49) | 1.43 (1.00–2.03) |
| Alfaadhel et al. (2015)68 | Dialysis (n = 390) | Clinical Frailty Scale | 1.7 | 1.22 (1.04–1.13) | — |
aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; HGS, handgrip strength; TUAG, timed up and go test.
This table summarizes selected clinical studies that were published in recent years, and is not a systematic review.
The primary outcome was composite renal end point of pre-dialysis mortality or reaching end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). A higher HGS was associated with lower risk of ESKD progression or death.
The primary outcome was composite outcome for risk of death or progression to dialysis therapy.
The primary outcome was composite outcome for time to first all-cause hospitalization or death.
The median length of follow-up for hospitalization was 1.2 years.