Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of women in the UK (n = 4054) and HK (n = 1977) cohorts
| Parameter | UK (n = 4054) |
HK (n = 1977) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | n | % | Mean | SD | n | % | p value | |
| Age (years) | 70.3 | 3.3 | 72.5 | 5.3 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Age group (years), n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| < 70y | 2027 | 50.0 | 665 | 33.6 | |||||
| ≥ 70y and < 75y | 1664 | 41.1 | 659 | 33.3 | |||||
| ≥ 75y and < 80y | 363 | 9.0 | 443 | 22.4 | |||||
| > 80y | – | – | 210 | 10.6 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 | 4.1 | 23.9 | 3.4 | < 0.001 | ||||
| BMI categories (kg/m2), n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
|
≥ 18.5 and < 25 UK; ≥ 18.5 and < 23 HK |
31 | 0.8 | 95 | 4.8 | |||||
|
≥ 25 and < 30 UK; ≥ 23 and < 25 HK |
1478 | 36.5 | 1177 | 59.5 | |||||
| ≥ 30 UK; ≥ 25 HK | 1817 | 44.8 | 622 | 31.5 | |||||
|
≥ 18.5 and < 25 UK; ≥ 18.5 and < 23 HK |
728 | 18.0 | 83 | 4.2 | |||||
| Physical activity level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Active | 312 | 7.7 | 80 | 4.1 | |||||
| Moderately active | 572 | 14.1 | 71 | 3.6 | |||||
| Moderately inactive | 1246 | 30.7 | 416 | 21.0 | |||||
| Inactive | 1924 | 47.5 | 1410 | 71.3 | |||||
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 358 | 53.8 | 1789 | 90.5 | |||||
| Current or former | 3696 | 46.2 | 188 | 9.5 | |||||
| Family Hx of osteoporosis, n (%) | 0.013 | ||||||||
| No | 3911 | 96.5 | 1881 | 95.1 | |||||
| Yes | 143 | 3.5 | 96 | 4.9 | |||||
| HRT use, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 3500 | 86.3 | 1914 | 96.8 | |||||
| Past | 312 | 7.7 | 53 | 2.7 | |||||
| Current | 242 | 6.0 | 10 | 0.5 | |||||
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| None or pre-secondary education only | 2290 | 56.5 | 1635 | 82.7 | |||||
| Secondary, college, or further education | 1512 | 37.3 | 223 | 11.3 | |||||
| Higher education/university | 252 | 6.2 | 119 | 6.0 | |||||
| Dietary calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 519.0 | 121.3 | 361.3 | 136.4 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Dietary calcium intake ≥ 700 mg/d, n (%) | 3483 | 85.9 | 526 | 26.6 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Dietary vitamin D intake (ug/1000 kcal) | 1.79 | 0.83 | 0.19 | 0.21 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Vegetable consumption (g/1000 kcal/d) | 140.0 | 74.0 | 151.6 | 86.4 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Fruit consumption (g/1000 kcal/d) | 150.3 | 99.4 | 155.2 | 91.5 | 0.062 | ||||
| Ethanol consumption (g/d) | 0.61 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.09 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Ethanol consumption, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| 0 units | 1309 | 32.3 | 1926 | 97.4 | |||||
| > 0 and ≤ 2 units UK; > 0 HK | 2450 | 60.4 | 51 | 2.6 | |||||
| ≥ 2 units UK | 295 | 7.3 | |||||||
| Use of calcium supplement, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 3885 | 95.8 | 1623 | 82.1 | |||||
| Yes | 169 | 4.2 | 354 | 17.9 | |||||
| Serum vitamin D (nmol/L)a | 50.5 | 21.2 | 57.8 | 14.6 | < 0.001 | ||||
| ≥ 50 nmol/L, n (%) | 683 | 46.2 | 920 | 66.2 | < 0.001 |
aSerum vitamin D data were available for 1477 UK and 1389 HK women. p values for differences between UK and HK cohorts according to t-test for continuous or Chi-square for categorical variables