Table 3.
Multivariate Cox regression results in men linking contributory factors to the total risk of hip, spine and wrist fractures in the UK and HK cohorts
| Characteristic | UK men | HK men | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p value | Omnibus p | R2 | HR | 95% CI | p value | Omnibus p | R2 | |
| Age group | < 0.001 | 0.1126 | < 0.001 | 0.1127 | ||||||
| < 70 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| 70 to < 75 | 2.09 | 1.64, 2.67 | < 0.001 | 1.68 | 1.02, 2.76 | 0.042 | ||||
| 75 to < 80 | 2.57 | 1.73, 3.83 | < 0.001 | 2.61 | 1.54, 4.40 | < 0.001 | ||||
| ≥ 80 HK | 3.29 | 1.78, 6.08 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| BMI categories (kg/m2) | 0.437 | 0.0075 | 0.014 | 0.0511 | ||||||
| < 18.5 | 1.95 | 0.27, 14.1 | 0.507 | 2.07 | 1.16, 3.71 | 0.014 | ||||
| 18.5 to < 25 UK; 18.5 to < 23 HK | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| 25 to < 30 UK; 23 to < 25 HK | 0.82 | 0.64, 1.06 | 0.132 | 0.67 | 0.41, 1.10 | 0.114 | ||||
| ≥ 30 UK; ≥ 25 HK | 0.90 | 0.62, 1.30 | 0.564 | 0.84 | 0.54, 1.31 | 0.447 | ||||
| Physical activity level | 0.874 | 0.0016 | 0.550 | 0.0071 | ||||||
| Inactive | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| Moderately inactive | 1.02 | 0.77, 1.36 | 0.869 | 1.10 | 0.74, 1.64 | 0.626 | ||||
| Moderately active UK; Active/moderately active HK | 0.90 | 0.65, 1.24 | 0.510 | 0.81 | 0.47, 1.40 | 0.444 | ||||
| Active UK | 1.03 | 0.73, 1.45 | 0.880 | |||||||
| Smoking status | 0.230 | 0.0036 | 0.309 | 0.0060 | ||||||
| Never smoked | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| Current or former smoker | 1.18 | 0.90, 1.55 | 0.236 | 1.22 | 0.83, 1.81 | 0.314 | ||||
| Family Hx of osteoporosis | 0.129 | 0.0050 | 0.965 | 0.0000 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| Yes | 1.75 | 0.90, 3.43 | 0.100 | 1.02 | 0.45, 2.32 | 0.964 | ||||
| Education | 0.681 | 0.0018 | 0.283 | 0.0148 | ||||||
| None/pre-secondary | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| Secondary/further education | 1.02 | 0.80, 1.30 | 0.889 | 0.71 | 0.45, 1.13 | 0.148 | ||||
| Higher education | 0.85 | 0.57, 1.29 | 0.454 | 1.05 | 0.62, 1.80 | 0.848 | ||||
| Dietary Ca meeting RNI | 0.303 | 0.0028 | 0.515 | 0.0024 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| Yes | 0.83 | 0.59, 1.18 | 0.293 | 1.14 | 0.78, 1.66 | 0.513 | ||||
| Dietary vitamin D intake (ug/1000 kcal) | 1.01 | 0.87, 1.17 | 0.904 | 0.904 | 0.0000 | 1.30 | 0.75, 2.24 | 0.351 | 0.389 | 0.0034 |
| Vegetable consumption (g/100 kcal/d) | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 0.921 | 0.921 | 0.0000 | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.04 | 0.166 | 0.193 | 0.0090 |
| Fruit consumption (g/100 kcal/d) | 1.01 | 0.99, 1.02 | 0.396 | 0.402 | 0.0022 | 0.98 | 0.96, 1.01 | 0.192 | 0.171 | 0.0116 |
| Ethanol consumption (units/d) | 0.362 | 0.0052 | 0.847 | 0.0002 | ||||||
| None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| > 0 to < 2 UK; > 0 HK | 0.85 | 0.63, 1.16 | 0.306 | 1.04 | 0.68, 1.61 | 0.846 | ||||
| ≥ 2 UK | 1.02 | 0.70, 1.48 | 0.919 | |||||||
| Use of Ca supplement | 0.932 | 0.0000 | 0.995 | 0.0000 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||||||
| Yes | 1.04 | 0.43, 2.54 | 0.932 | 1.00 | 0.54, 1.83 | 0.995 | ||||
HR Hazard Ratio, CI Confidence Interval