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. 2021 Sep 30;11:19473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98393-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The relationship between different fitness characteristics in F1 generation and fertility in F2 generation for four groups of females with different type of substrate on which the host eggs were offered; the 12 host eggs were offered on the (1) Non-choice test: (a) usual host plant (crop); (b) fictitious host plant (Rumex); (c) control substrate (filter paper) and (2) Choice test: (d) combination on all (usual, fictitious host plant and control substrate). (*The fertility values (shown in parentheses); To simplify the model the male offspring are not shown).