Table 1.

Effects of current therapies on human T_FH cells

Type of drug	Drug	Intrinsic effects on TFH cells	References
Induction therapy	Thymoglobulin	reduces cTFH numbers	63
		reduces cTFH numbers, induces proliferation of cTFH and promotes an effector memory (CD62L−) phenotype and their overexpression of CXCR3 and PD-1	68
		reduces cTFH numbers and their activation-induced upregulation of CD40L and ICOS	79
		reduces cTFH numbers and induces increased frequencies of PD-1+, ICOS+PD-1+ and PD1+CXCR3− cTFH at 12-months post transplant	64
	Basiliximab	no effect on cTFH numbers	63
		no effect on cTFH numbers and induces a central memory (CD62L+) cTFH phenotype	68
		no effect on cTFH numbers	79
Maintenance immunosuppression	Tacrolimus	reduces cTFH, GC-TFH precursor and TFH memory numbers. No effects on GC-TFH numbers. Inhibits PD-1 expression on cTFH and plasma cell formation in cTFH-B cell co-cultures	86
		inhibits naive CD4 T cell differentiation into TFH, reduces TFH expression of ICOS and PD-1, and their production of IL-21. Inhibits TFH-dependent proliferation and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells in TFH-B cell co-cultures	90
	Mycophenolate mofetil	reduces T cell expression of CD40L. inhibits T cell-dependent proliferation and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells in T-B cell co-cultures and in IL-21 stimulated B cells	96
		reduces T cell expression of CD40L and ICOS. inhibits T cell-dependent B cell production of IgG in T-B cell co-cultures	97
	Sirolimus	inhibits naive CD4 T cell differentiation into TFH. reduces TFH expression of ICOS and PD-1, and their production of IL-21. Inhibits TFH-dependent proliferation and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells in TFH-B cell co-cultures	90
		reduces total cTFH, PD-1+ cTFH and STAT3+ cTFH numbers	178
	Corticosteroids	reduces cTFH and Th1, Th2 and Th17-cTFH subset numbers	102