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. 2021 Sep 30;11:19519. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98024-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transcriptomics patterns of whole-blood gene expression of all samples at time points TP1–TP5 from Mm and Mf. (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) of all samples from Mm and Mf. PC1 captures inter-species variance in expression profiles, while PC2 captures temporal variance in expression profiles. Pre-infection samples TP1 and TP2 (before infection) form species-specific clusters that are separate from the samples at TP4 and TP5, reflecting peaking parasitemia. TP3 (3 days after inoculation of sporozoites, and prior to blood-stage parasitemia, i.e., the pre-patent period) samples cluster with the pre-infection samples TP1 and TP2. (B) Top GO gene sets over-represented in PC2. (C) Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and (D) Differentially responding genes (DRGs) in TP3-TP5. The numbers of DEGs change significantly between TP3 (~ 50) and TP4 (~ 1000–1140) for both Mm (purple) and Mf (green), and then remain similar between TP4 and TP5 (~ 1000–1100) for each species. However, the number of common DEGs between Mm and Mf decreases substantially from TP4 (611) to TP5 (254). Concomitantly, the DRGs between TP4 and TP5 (gold) increase substantially.