Fig. 2.

Vitamins K3 and K4 inhibit both canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation. a, b BMDMs were primed with LPS and then pretreated with or without vitamin K3 or K4 (5 μM) before stimulation with MSU, ATP, or nigericin. a ELISA analysis of mature IL-1β in the culture supernatant of BMDMs. b Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase-1 and mature IL-1β in the culture supernatant (SN), as well as pro-IL-1β, pro-caspase-1, and β-actin levels in the cell lysates (Input). c–e BMDMs were primed with Pam3CSK4 and then pretreated with or without different doses of vitamin K3 or K4 before intracellular LPS transfection. (c) ELISA analysis of mature IL-1β in the culture supernatant of BMDMs. d, e Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase-1 and mature IL-1β in the culture supernatant (SN), as well as pro-IL-1β, pro-caspase-1, and β-actin levels in the cell lysates (Input). All data are from no fewer than three independent experiments. The data shown in A and C are the mean ± SEM, n = 6. Unpaired t-tests (two-tailed) were applied to analyze statistical significance: **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001