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. 2021 Sep 30;11:19501. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99061-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Resistance dynamics of each line along the selection process. Black squares: resistance of each selected line to the insecticide used for selection. Grey dots: resistance of the non-selected Tiassalé-S line. Resistance levels were compared using bottle assays and are expressed as mean % mortality ± 95% Wald confidence interval. Comparisons between each line and the Tiassalé-S line at each time point were performed using a Fisher test on mortality proportions (*p < 0.05). ¹Indicate that a new clothianidin solution was used for monitoring resistance levels at G13, G17 and G33, leading to higher clothianidin mortality rates as compared to previous generations.