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. 2021 Sep 30;11:19501. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99061-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cross-resistance of each line to insecticides. Cross-resistance profiles of each line to insecticides used for selection (A) and to other insecticide families used for vector control (B). All lines were compared at generation G17. Resistance levels to the insecticides used for selection were compared using bottle assays while resistance levels to other insecticides were compared using WHO test tubes equipped with papers impregnated with 0.5% bendiocarb, 1% fenitrothion and 4% DDT. Mortality rates are expressed as mean % mortality ± 95% Wald confidence interval and were compared to the unselected line using a Fisher test on mortality proportions (*p < 0.05).