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. 2021 Sep 30;11:19501. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99061-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transcription profiles of candidate genes associated with resistance. All candidate genes differentially transcribed in at least one selected line are shown. Colour scale shows the mean Log₂ Fold Change between each selected line and the parental Tiassalé-S line. Stars indicate a significant differential transcription (FC > 1.5-fold and corrected P value ≤ 0.005). Black squares indicate genes frequently associated insecticide resistance. Red squares indicate functionally validated resistance genes. Green dots indicate genes showing high protein homology with genes conferring resistance to neonicotinoids in other insect species.