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. 2021 Sep 30;11:19501. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99061-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Selection signatures observed in each selected line. Selection signatures as compared to the non-selected Tiassalé-S line were computed using the 145,008 bi-allelic polymorphic SNPs detected by RNA-seq. The upper Y axis shows the proportion of differential SNPs per gene as obtained by the frequency-based approach while the lower Y axis shows the proportion of outliers per gene as obtained by the Fst-based approach. For each approach, blue/red marks indicate genes showing a differential/outlier proportion higher than 20% with the alternative approach (red/blue dashed lines). Symbol size is proportional to the number of polymorphic SNPs per gene. Triangles indicate candidate genes potentially involved in insecticide resistance. Filled symbols indicate the presence of differential SNPs/outliers affecting protein sequence. Loci commonly associated with insecticide resistance in An. gambiae are indicated (VGSC, AchE, CYP6Ps cluster, CYP6Ms cluster and GSTEs cluster). The genomic scale shows chromosome arms with ticks every 10 Mb.