Table 5.
Model of the hypothesized testing.
| Hypothesized model | R 2 | Standardized effect | t -value | P -value | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.056 | 0.23(DE) | 4.780 | 0 | Effects that are both positive and direct | |
| COV → FT → BS | 0.327 | 0.453(IE) | 12.322 | 0 | Effects that are both positive and direct |
| COV → U → BS | 0.304 | 0.74(IE) | 15.244 | 0 | Effects that are both positive and direct |
| COV → CR → BS | 0.079 | −0.53 (IE) | −7.245 | 0 | Effects that are both positive and direct |
| COV → FT → BS | 0.090 | 0.53(IE) | 7.123 | 0 | Effects that are both positive and direct |
DE, direct effect; IE, indirect effect; BS, business survival; FTA, firm technology; P = 0.05; where: DE, direct effect; IE, indirect effect; BS, business survival; FTA, firm technology; CR, customer retention; U, unemployment; COV, Covid-19.