Figure 5.

Reduced oxidative BCAA metabolism entering as acetyl CoA in Alzheimer's disease (AD) astrocytes. (A) Increased glutamate and citrate M+2 labeling but decreased aspartate and malate ¹³C-enrichment after incubation with [U-¹³C]leucine and (B) [U-¹³C]isoleucine in human AD astrocytes when entering via acetyl CoA. (C) Increased TCA cycle metabolites M+3 labeling after incubation with [U-¹³C]valine but (D) decreased aspartate ¹³C-enrichment after incubation with [U-¹³C]isoleucine in human AD astrocytes when entering via succinyl CoA. Values represent mean (±) SEM (n = 3), ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001, ^#p < 0.0001, analyzed by two-way ANOVA. WT, wild type; APP, amyloid precursor protein; PSEN-1, presenilin-1.