Table 1.
Study participant characteristics
| Lean (n = 13) | Obese (n = 9) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 26 ± 4 | 29 ± 3 | 0.0622 |
| Body composition | |||
| Body weight (kg) | 78.7 ± 6.9 | 115.2 ± 9.1 | 0.0000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 1.2 | 34.3 ± 2.8 | 0.0000 |
| Hip (cm) | 94 ± 7 | 114 ± 6 | 0.0000 |
| Waist (cm) | 82 ± 4 | 111 ± 9 | 0.0000 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.443 ± 0.0 | 0.607 ± 0.0 | 0.0000 |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 12.7 ± 4.5 | 39.6 ± 6.4 | 0.0000 |
| Total fat (% of total body weight) | 16.8 ± 5.7 | 35.5 ± 4.1 | 0.0000 |
| Android fat mass (kg) | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 8.3 | 0.0000 |
| Gynoid fat mass (kg) | 3.4 ± 2.8 | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 0.0009 |
| Total lean mass (kg) | 62.6 ± 6.2 | 71.6 ± 6.3 | 0.0040 |
| Metabolic profile | |||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 32.3 ± 2.5 | 31.4 ± 2.4 | 0.4180 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 0.4176 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 0.2659 |
| 2h-OGTT-glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 0.5200 |
| Fasting insulin (mmol/L) | 42 ± 16 | 94 ± 24a | 0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 1.7a | 0.5200 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 0.0122 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 0.0468 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.5043 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.0225 |
| Total free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.48 ± 0.12 | 0.3439 |
| Cytokines and hormones | |||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.46 ± 0.22 | 0.59 ± 0.27 | 0.2732 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.44 ± 0.18 | 1.59 ± 0.32 | 0.2134 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 0.72 ± 0.53 | 8.92 ± 6.60 | 0.0058 |
| BP, heart rate, and fitness | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126 ± 10 | 131 ± 14 | 0.4396 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72 ± 7 | 78 ± 11 | 0.2176 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 57 ± 9 | 66 ± 8 | 0.0241 |
| VO2peak (mL/min) | 3,779 ± 574 | 3,989 ± 555 | 0.4004 |
| VO2peak/FFM (mL/kg/min) | 48 ± 6 | 35 ± 5 | 0.0000 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake; FFM, fat-free mass.
a
n = 8.