Table 2.
The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with type 2 DM and chronic HCV infection.
| Case no | Per 1,000 person year | Crude hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-values | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPP-4i(–) | 130 | 28.65 | Reference | Reference | ||
| DPP-4i(+) | 65 | 16.34 | 0.57 (0.42–0.78) |
<0.001 | 0.59 (0.43–0.79) |
0.001 |
| Cumulative DDD | ||||||
| <153 | 27 | 21.21 | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) |
0.171 | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) |
0.241 |
| 153–392 | 25 | 19.73 | 0.70 (0.45–1.07) |
0.100 | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) |
0.111 |
| >392 | 13 | 9.05 | 0.32 (0.18–0.56) |
<0.001 | 0.33 (0.18–0.58) |
<0.001 |
| Intake duration (years) |
||||||
| <1 | 40 | 26.70 | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) |
0.744 | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) |
0.996 |
| 1.00–1.49 | 16 | 24.46 | 0.86 (0.51–1.46) |
0.578 | 0.89 (0.53–1.51) |
0.670 |
| ≥1.50 | 9 | 4.93 | 0.17 (0.09–0.34) |
<0.001 | 0.17 (0.09–0.34) |
<0.001 |
DM, diabetes mellitus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; DPP-4i(–), non-dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor cohort; DPP-4i(+), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor cohort; DDD, defined daily dose. Values were expressed as crude hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). After adjusting for age, sex, insurance range, comorbidities, other antidiabetic medications, anti-HCV agents, and duration of diabetes, values were expressed as adjusted hazard ratios with 95% CIs. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs with the DPP-4i(–) group as the reference group for the risk of HCC were calculated for the DPP-4i(+) group, each tertile of cumulative DDD in the DPP-4i(+) group, and each tertile of intake duration in the DPP-4i(+) group.