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. 2021 Sep 17;9:684857. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.684857

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Copyright © 2021 Liu, Dai, Wang, Feng and Xiao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The ultrastructural changes of HSC in each group. (A) Control group was cultured in complete medium for 48 h. (B) TGF-β1 group was cultured with TGF-β1 blank medium for 48 h. (C) TGF-β1 + ALLN + TM group was cultured with the same concentration of TGF-β1 blank culture medium for 24 h, then pretreated with ALLN for 30 min and added TM for 24 h. (D) TGF-β1 + TM group was incubated with TGF-β1 blank medium for the same time, then added TM for 24 h; yellow arrows marked the villi, red arrows marked the mitochondria, and blue arrows marked the vacuoles. TM, tunicamycin; ALLN, N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.