Table 3.
Association Between Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Factorsa and Cognitive Decline According to APOE*E4 Status, Chicago Health and Aging Project, 1993–2012b
| APOE*E4 Status and Healthy Lifestyle Score c |
No. of Participants |
% | β | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| APOE*E4 noncarrier | ||||
| Continuousc HLS | 2,617 | 100.0 | 0.004 | 0.002, 0.006 |
| Categorical HLS | ||||
| 0–1 factor | 622 | 23.8 | 0 | Referent |
| 2–3 factors | 1,469 | 56.1 | 0.007 | 0.001, 0.013 |
| 4–5 factors | 526 | 20.1 | 0.013 | 0.005, 0.022 |
| APOE*E4 carrier | ||||
| Continuousc HLS | 1,269 | 100.0 | 0.009 | 0.004, 0.013 |
| Categorical HLS | ||||
| 0–1 factor | 300 | 23.6 | 0 | Referent |
| 2–3 factors | 684 | 53.9 | 0.008 | −0.004, 0.020 |
| 4–5 factors | 285 | 22.5 | 0.029 | 0.013, 0.045 |
Abbreviations: APOE, apolipoprotein E gene; APOE*E4, ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene; CI, confidence interval; HLS, healthy lifestyle score; MIND, Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay.
a A behavior was classified as “healthy” if it met the following criterion: 1) MIND diet score (without alcohol) in the top 40% of the cohort distribution; 2) cognitive activities in the top 40% of the cohort distribution; 3) not being a current smoker; 4) moderate or vigorous exercise for ≥150 minutes/week; and 5) light-to-moderate alcohol consumption (1–15 g/day for women and 1–30 g/day for men).
b Adjusted for age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, prevalence of cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke), time, the interactions of these factors with time, and practice effects.
c “Continuous” refers to a 1-point increase in HLS.