Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical features of type 1 diabetes individuals.
| Variable | T1D N=80 | Control group N=34 | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) (min, max) | Mean (SD) (min, max) | ||
| Age [years] | 11.7 (4.2) (2.0, 18.0) | 10.2 (4.1) (3.0, 18.0) | >0.05 |
| T1D duration [years] | 2.8 (3.1) (0.0, 12.0) | N/A | N/A |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 18.7 (4.1) (13.7, 30.1) | 16.8 (2.8) (12.8-24.9) | N/A |
| BMI Z-score | -0.28 (0.88) (-2.0, 1.70) | 0.17 (1.51) (-2.33, 2.44) | >0.05 |
| HbA1c [%] | 9.8 (3.1) (5.4, 18.3) | 5.5 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | 165.4 (38.8) (83.00, 327.0) | 167.2 (27.4) (114.0, 236.0) | >0.05 |
| HDL cholesterol [mg/dL] | 51.0 (14.5) (23.0, 80.0) | 54.1 (8.9) (32.0, 79.0) | >0.05 |
| LDL cholesterol [mg/dL] | 92.5 (32.4) (46.0, 262.0) | 89.7 (22.0) (55.0, 181.0) | >0.05 |
| Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 102.4 (53.8) (44.0, 269.0) | 81.2 (35.8) (36-258) | >0.05 |
| Serum creatinine [mg/dL] | 0.53 (0.16) (0.23, 0.93) | 0.57 (0.09) (0.40, 0.65) | >0.05 |
| Albuminuria [mg/L] | 7.36 (8.95) (<2.13, 28.50) | 12.30 (4.03) (<2.13-26.0) | >0.05 |
| CRP [mg/L] | 2.1 (2.5) (<0.2, 9.1) | 0.6 (0.2) (0.4, 0.8) | >0.05 |
| Leukocytes [10*3/μL] | 6.8 (1.7) (4.1, 12.1) | 5.8 (1.4) (3.4, 8.3) | >0.05 |
| 25 (OH)D3 [ng/mL] | 24.9 (9.9) (11.0, 47.7) | 28.7 (9.6) (13.0-51.2) | >0.05 |
| P [mg/dL] | 4.2 (0.9) (1.9, 5.4) | 4.5 (0.5) (3.2, 5.5) | >0.05 |
| AVBG [mg/dL] | 169.6 (31.5) (112.0, 248.0) | N/A | N/A |
| BG SD [mg/dL] | 74.3 (15.9) (43.0, 112.0) | N/A | N/A |
| TDD [IU/kg] | 0.7 (0.4) (0.4, 1.3) | N/A | N/A |
| Basal insulin dose [% of TDD] | 34.8 (11.1) (11.0, 51.0) | N/A | N/A |
| Soluble E-selectin [ng/mL] | 45.5 (16.850) (19.5, 102.1) | 42.1 (17.2) (21.8, 92.9) | >0.05 |
| Soluble ICAM-1[ng/mL] | 271.0 (65.3) (136.1, 496.7) | 267.7 (75.3) (103.5, 508.3) | >0.05 |
| Soluble VCAM-1 [ng/mL] | 648.1 (169.9) (361.0, 1464.2) | 616.3 (139.8) (394,7, 979.2) | >0.05 |
| Soluble Klotho* [pg/mL] | 2041.9 (1017.6) (733.4, 5482.3) | 2790.3 (1423.9) (1047.6, 5744.7) | 0.0113 |
*Clinical and biochemical variables, including parameters of metabolic control (HbA1c, lipids concentration, AVBG and blood glucose SD) were comparable in both sexes, except Klotho protein concentration.
T1D, type 1 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; CRP, c-reactive protein; AVBG, average blood glucose; BG SD, blood glucose standard deviation; TDD, total daily dose of insulin; Insulin and glucose data comprised 14 days before visit; N/A, not available.