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. 2021 Sep 17;8:741316. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.741316

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Copyright © 2021 Kannappan, Ali, Small, Rajendran, Elzhenni, Taj, Wang and Dou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two phases anticancer model of DS and DDC plus copper induced cancer cell death. 1. DS or DDC and copper contact and react extracellularly. The reaction will generate ROS extracellularly which induce cancer cell apoptosis. Due to the extremely short lifespan of ROS in tissue, the reaction must be taken place adjacent to cancer cells, in order to effectively target cancer cells. 2. The reaction-generated compound, CuDDC₂ (CuET), can easily penetrate cancer cells and trigger intracellular ROS generation and induce cancer cell apoptosis.