TABLE 1.

Effects of PACAP and IGF-1 on motor neurons and their role in MNDs.

Effects on motor neurons	References
IGF-1
Promotion of neuronal survival in vitro and in vivo	Ang et al., 1992; Hughes et al., 1993
Enhancing of axonal sprouting	Caroni and Grandes, 1990
Protection against excessive glutamate and ischemia	Nakao et al., 2001; Vincent et al., 2004
Induction of nerve regeneration	Kanje et al., 1989
Effects in MNDs	References
Improved motor functions after intrathecal administration in ALS patients	Nagano et al., 2005
Improved muscle force, motor coordination and survival in SOD1-G93A ALS mice	Saenger et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2018
Reduction of MN degeneration and increase of neuromuscular junction innervation in a SMA mouse model	Tsai et al., 2014
Increased muscle fibers hypertrophy and the number of functionally active axonal sprouts in a SMA mouse model	Krieger et al., 2014
Improving of motor performances, attenuated weight loss and increased survival in a SBMA mouse model	Rinaldi et al., 2012
Amelioration of ionic current defects in a SBMA cell model	Jimenez Garduno et al., 2017
Effects on neurons	References
PACAP
Promotion of neuronal survival	Dejda et al., 2011; Manecka et al., 2013
Induced in damaged neurons	Pettersson et al., 2014
Promotion of axonal regeneration	Tsuchida et al., 2014
Effects in MNDs
Neuroprotective action on preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons in SOD1-G93A ALS mouse model	Ringer et al., 2013
Increase of cell survival in a ALS cell model	Maugeri et al., 2019
Attenuation of apoptotic signaling in ALS iPSC-derived MNs	Bonaventura et al., 2018
MN protection in SBMA cell and mouse model	Polanco et al., 2016
Amelioration of ionic current defects in a SBMA cell model	Jimenez Garduno et al., 2017; Martinez-Rojas et al., 2021