Table 1.

Methods that assess sleep quality

Subjective

Objective

• Stanford sleepiness scale (Hoddes et al., 1973): One-item scale that assesses alertness on the following day • Epworth sleepiness scale (Johns, 1991): Eight-item scale that estimates the risk of falling asleep in eight daily situations • Medical outcomes study sleep scale (Allen et al., 2009): 12-item scale that also addresses respiratory impairment • Pittsburg sleep quality index (Buysse et al., 1989:; 24-item scale that assesses sleep quality retrospectively over the last 4 weeks • Athens insomnia scale (Soldatos et al., 2000): Eight-item scale that assesses daytime sleepiness • Glasgow sleep effort scale (Broomfield and Espie, 2005): Seven-item scale that assesses effort to fall asleep • Regensburg insomnia scale (Cronlein et al., 2013): Ten-item-scale that assesses quantitative aspects of sleep

• Polysomnography (Togeiro and Smith, 2005): Criterion standard method; consists of electroencephalogram, electooculogram, and electromyogram; requires a sleep center • Actigraphy (Bender et al., 2003; Jeon et al., 2017; Togeiro and Smith, 2005): Wrist-worn device monitors sleep activity and records awakenings; although less accurate than polysomnography, this method is easier, cost effective, and deemed suitable for dermatological disorders