Table 4.
External ventricular drain (EVD) group associations with poor outcome
| Variable* | EVD cohort (n=39) |
Good outcome (n=4) |
Poor outcome (n=35) |
P value |
| Demographics | ||||
| Total patients | 39 | 4 | 35 | … |
| Male sex | 27 (69.2%) | 4 (100%) | 23 (65.7%) | 0.292 |
| Age, in years | 57.7±13.8 (24–85) | 37.8±8.8 (29–48) | 60.0±12.5 (24–85) | 0.006 |
| Length of hospital stay, in days | 19.2±14.9 (0.7–56.7) | 27.2±9.7 (21.1–41.6) | 18.3±15.3 (0.7–56.7) | 0.167 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale on admission | 7.66±3.5 (3–14) | 6.8±0.5 (6–7) | 7.8±3.7 (3–14) | 0.139 |
| ICH location | ||||
| Basal ganglia versus thalamic | 8 (20.5%) versus 19 (48.7%) | 1 (25%) versus 0 (0%) | 7 (20.0%) versus 19 (54.2%) | 0.296 |
| Lobar versus thalamic | 12 (30.8%) versus 19 (48.7%) | 3 (75%) versus 0 (0%) | 9 (25.7%) versus 19 (54.2%) | 0.049 |
| Basal ganglia versus lobar | 8 (20.5%) versus 12 (30.8%) | 1 (25%) versus 3 (75%) | 7 (20.0%) versus 9 (25.7%) | 0.619 |
| ICH Score | ||||
| Score 2 versus 0–1 | 15 (38.5%) versus 5 (12.8%) | 3 (75%) versus 0 (0%) | 12 (34.3%) versus 5 (14.3%) | 0.540 |
| Score 3 versus 0–1 | 16 (41.0%) versus 5 (12.8%) | 1 (25%) versus 0 (0%) | 15 (42.9%) versus 5 (14.3%) | 0.999 |
| Score 4 versus 0–1 | 3 (7.7%) versus 5 (12.8%) | 0 (0%) versus 0 (0%) | 3 (8.6%) versus 5 (14.3%) | 0.999 |
| Type of hydrocephalus | ||||
| Mechanical versus primary IVH | 21 (59.0%) versus 18 (41.0%) | 0 (0%) versus 4 (100%) | 21 (65.7%) versus 14 (30.8%) | 0.037 |
| ICH volume | ||||
| Volume average (range) | 36.7±42.3 (3.9–189.8) | 48.1±32.5 (18.5–89.5) | 35.4±43.5 (3.9–189.8) | 0.516 |
| ICH volume greater than 30 mm3 | 16 (41.0%) | 2 (50%) | 14 (40.0%) | 0.369 |
| Meningitis (+) | 6 (15.4%) | 2 (50%) | 4 (11.42%) | 0.105 |
| Intraventricular alteplase | 11 (28.2%) | 2 (50%) | 9 (25%) | 0.562 |
| Surgical clot evacuation | 5 (12.8%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (14.3%) | 0.999 |
| Modified Graeb Score | 13.2±7.7 (0–27) | 18.3±2.5 (15–21) | 12.6±7.9 (0–27) | 0.010 |
| Opening pressure (in mm Hg) | 19.8±17.2 (6–80) | 12.8±3.4 (6–16) | 20.6±17.9 (6–80) | 0.031 |
| EVD length of treatment | ||||
| Average (range) | 8.3±5.5 (0.7–21.6) | 8.0±1.8 (6.0–9.5) | 8.3±5.8 (0.7–21.6) | 0.839 |
| EVD length of treatment ≥7 days | 24 (61.5%) | 4 (100%) | 20 (57.14%) | 0.146 |
| Days to radiographic opening of third ventricle | 9.7±5.4 (1.2–21.6) | 7.1±2.3 (4.4–9.9) | 10.3±5.7 (1.2–21.6) | 0.088 |
| Shunt dependent hydrocephalus | 2 (5.1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5.7%) | 0.999 |
*Categorical data are presented as number (%) and continuous data as the mean±SD (range).
ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; IVH, intraventricular haemorrhage.