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PDB regulated IGF-1 signaling, inflammatory profile and chondrogenesis in IVD. Protein levels of (A) pIGF-1 and (B) pAKT and (C) IRS-1 in control, nicotine-treated and PDB-treated nicotine-IVD group. (D) Gene expression of inflammatory molecules, including IL-1β, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9. (E) Gene and (F) protein levels of chondrogenic markers (SOX9, Col II and aggrecan). The results are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
