Table 3.

Overview of selected measures.

RCI Component	Sub-Component	Instrument	Measurement Scale	Items
Financial Awareness and Skills	Financial literacy	Lusardi (2019)68 Tahir et al. (2021)73		‘‘Suppose you had US$100 in a savings account and the interest rate was 2% per year. After 5 years, how much do you think you would have in the account if you left the money grow?’’
				‘‘Imagine that the interest rate on your savings account was 1% per year and inflation was 2% per year. After 1 year, would you be able to buy more than, exactly the same as, or less than today with the money in this account?’’
				‘‘Do you think that the following statement is true or false? ‘Buying a single company share usually provides a safer return than an index fund’’.
				‘‘Suppose you had US$100 in a savings account, the interest rate is 20% per year and you never withdraw money or interest payments. After 5 years, how much would you have on this account in total?’’
				‘‘Assume a friend inherits US$10,000 today and his sibling inherits US$10,000 3 years from now. Who is richer because of the inheritance?’’
				‘‘Suppose that next year, your income has doubled and prices of all goods have doubled too. Next year, how much will you be able to buy with your income?’’
	Financial attitude and behaviour	Financial attitudes and behaviours items from the Retirement Confidence Survey67	Seven-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree)’’	‘‘Just when I think I have a handle on my finances, something always happens that sets me back from my financial goals’’.
				‘‘I am disciplined at saving’’.
				‘‘I frequently spend money when I do not plan to buy anything’’.
				‘‘I pay off my credit cards at the end of every months’’.
				‘‘I always research and plan for a big purchase’’.
				‘‘I enjoy financial planning’’.
	Financial control’’	Short version of the Money Attitudes Questionnaire38	Five-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree)	‘‘I have close control over the state of my money and savings’’.
				‘‘I choose to save money, because you never know when a rainy day will come’’.
				‘‘I am proud of my ability to save money’’.
				‘‘I firmly stick to my budget’’.
				‘‘I try to manage my money prudently and carefully’’.
				‘‘I put aside money for the future’’.
	Financial anxiety	Financial Anxiety Scale69	Seven-point Likert-type scale (1 = never; 7 = always)	‘‘I feel anxious about my financial situation’’.
				‘‘I have difficulty sleeping because of my financial situation’’.
				‘‘I have difficulty concentrating on my school or work because of my financial situation’’.
				‘‘I am irritable because of my financial situation’’.
				‘‘I have difficulty controlling worrying about my financial situation’’.
				‘‘My muscles feel tense because of worries about my financial situation’’.
				‘‘I feel fatigued because I worry about my financial situation’’.
Health and Well-Being	Physical health	Physical Health Questionnaire70	Seven-point Likert-type scale (not at all=1, all the time=7)	‘‘Have you had difficulty getting to sleep at night?’’
				‘‘Have you woken up during the night?’’
				‘‘Have you had nightmares or disturbing dreams?’’
				‘‘Has your sleep been peaceful and undisturbed?’’
				‘‘Have you experienced headaches?’’
				‘‘Did you get a headache when there was a lot of pressure on you to get things done?’’
				‘‘Did you get a headache when you were frustrated because things were not going the way they should have or when you were annoyed at someone?’’
				‘‘Have you suffered from an upset stomach (indigestion)?’’
				‘‘Did you have to watch what you ate carefully to avoid stomach upsets?’’
				‘‘Did you feel nauseated (‘sick to your stomach’)?’’
				‘‘Were you constipated or did you suffer from diarrhoea?’’
				‘‘Had minor colds (that made you feel uncomfortable but did not keep you sick in bed or make you miss work)?’’
				‘‘Had respiratory infections more severe than minor colds that ‘laid you low’ (such as bronchitis, and sinusitis)?’’
				‘‘When you had a bad cold or flu, how long did it typically last?’’
	Mental health	Mental Health Continuum-Short Form71	Six-point Likert-type scale (never =0; almost every day, or every day=5)	‘‘Happy’’
				‘‘Interested in life’’
				‘‘Satisfied with life’’
				‘‘That you had something important to contribute to society’’
				‘‘That you belonged to a community (like a social group, or your neighbourhood)’’
				‘‘That our society is a good place, or is becoming a better place, for all people’’
				‘‘That people are basically good’’
				‘‘That the way our society works makes sense to you’’
				‘‘That you liked most parts of your personality’’
				‘‘That you are good at managing the responsibilities of your daily life’’
				‘‘That you had warm and trusting relationships with others’’
				‘‘That you had experiences that challenged you to grow and become a better person’’
				‘‘That you were confident to think or express your own ideas and opinions’’
				‘‘That your life has a sense of direction or meaning to it’’
Social Factors	Social connectedness	The Social Connectedness Scale72	Six-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree; 6 = strongly agree)	‘‘I feel disconnected from the world around me’’.
				‘‘Even around people I know, I don’t feel that I really belong’’.
				‘‘Even around people I know, I don’t feel that I really belong’’.
				‘‘I have no sense of togetherness with my peers’’.
				‘‘I don’t feel related to anyone’’.
				‘‘I catch myself losing all sense of connectedness with society’’.
				‘‘Even among my friends, there is no sense of brother/sisterhood’’.
				‘‘I don’t feel I participate with anyone or any group’’.
Retirement Awareness and Planning	Goal setting for retirement	Goal Clarity Scale58	Seven-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree)	‘‘I set specific goals for how much I need to save for retirement’’.
				‘‘I think a great deal about quality of life in retirement’’.
				‘‘I have a clear vision of how life can be in retirement’’.
				‘‘I set clear goals for gaining information about retirement’’.
				‘‘I discussed retirement plans with my spouse, friend or financial advisor’’.
	Future uncertainties	Clarify of Future Self Scale62	Six-point Likert-type scale (1 = not true at all for me; 6 = completely true for me)	‘‘Images of myself in the future are very hazy and not clear at all’’.
				‘‘My future seems vague and uncertain to me’’.
				‘‘When I picture myself in the future, I see clear and vivid images’’.
				‘‘I really find it hard to predict what I might be like in the future’’.
				‘‘My future is too uncertain for me to plan very far ahead’’.