Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of a sample of Hispanic immigrants and stratified by city
| Variables | Total n = 270 | NYC (n = 193) | LA (n = 77) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Mean age (years) (s.d) | 40.51% (11.3) | 39.19(10.75) | 43.79(12.03) | 0.0034 |
| Mean length of residence in the U.S., (years) (s.d) | 18.95 (9.37) | 17.44 (8.22) | 22.82 (10.95) | 0.000 |
| Sex, % (n) | 0.588 | |||
| Male | 42.75% (115) | 56.47% (144) | 45.45% (35) | |
| Female | 57.25% (154) | 43.53% (111) | 54.55% (42) | |
| Employment status, % (n) | 0.847 | |||
| Not working | 18.15% (49) | 18.65% (36) | 16.88% (13) | |
| Working | 76.67% (207) | 75.65% (146) | 79.22% (61) | |
| Looking for a job | 5.19% (14) | 5.7% (11) | 3.90% (3) | |
| Type of worker, % (n) | 0.044 | |||
| Non-essential worker | 57.5% (115) | 52.86% (74) | 68.33% (41) | |
| Essential worker | 42.5% (85) | 47.14% (66) | 31.67% (19) | |
| Education, % (n) | 0.86 | |||
| No education/primary/incomplete middle | 34.94% (94) | 37.5% (72) | 28.57% (22) | |
| Middle/incomplete high school | 32.34% (87) | 33.85% (65) | 28.57% (22) | |
| Highschool/Higher any or technical career | 32.71% (88) | 28.65% (55) | 42.86% (33) | |
| Health status | ||||
| Self-reported health status, % (n) | 0.003 | |||
| Fair or bad | 45.11% (120) | 49.74% (94) | 33.77% (26) | |
| Good | 36.09% (96) | 36.51% (69) | 35.06% (27) | |
| Excellent or very good | 18.8% (50) | 13.76% (26) | 31.17% (24) | |
| Number of diagnosed comorbidities, mean, (s.d) | 0.59 (0.86) | 0.59 (0.82) | 0.57 (0.93) | 0.416 |
| Diagnosed comorbidities, % (n) | ||||
| Diabetes | 11.48% (31) | 11.4% (22) | 11.69% (9) | 1.00 |
| Hypertension | 10.74% (29) | 11.92% (23) | 7.79% (6) | 0.389 |
| Depression | 7.04% (19) | 6.74% (13) | 7.79% (6) | 0.794 |
| Other | 27.04% (73) | 26.94% (52) | 27.27% (21) | 1.00 |
| Healthcare access and utilization | ||||
| Has valid health insurance in the U.S., % (n) | 0.493 | |||
| No | 56.93% (152) | 58.33% (112) | 53.33% (40) | |
| Yes | 43.07% (115) | 41.67% (80) | 46.67% (35) | |
| Frequency of visits for regular medical care when needed in the last 6 months, % (n) | 0.022 | |||
| Never | 29.15% (72) | 30.73% (59) | 23.64% (13) | |
| Sometimes | 19.43% (48) | 20.83% (40) | 14.55% (8) | |
| Usually | 12.55% (31) | 14.58% (28) | 5.45% (3) | |
| Always | 38.87% (96) | 33.85% (65) | 56.36% (31) | |
| Contextual variables | ||||
| Household food security scale (ELCSA), % (n) | 0.464 | |||
| Food secure | 74.23% (193) | 74.32% (136) | 74.03% (57) | |
| Mild food insecurity | 19.62% (51) | 20.77% (38) | 16.88% (13) | |
| Moderate food insecurity | 3.85% (10) | 2.73% (5) | 6.49% (5) | |
| Severe food insecurity | 2.31% (6) | 2.19% (4) | 2.60% (2) | |
| Mean score of trust and safety (s.d) | 12.06 (3.09) | 11.97 (3.06) | 12.26 (3.15) | 0.43 |
Fisher exact test for categorial variables and Mann–Whitney test for non-normally distributed data
Source: Data collected by authors