Table 2.
Potential Linkages of HERVs as Cancer-Promoting Agents in Glioma
| Study | HERV-element | Mechanism | Cancer Cellular Gene | Gene Role in Glioma |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | Rec/Np9 | Activation of C-MYC oncogene | PLZF | Upregulated three-fold in glioma samples |
| 21 | Np9 | Amplifying Notch signaling via LNX degradation | LNX | Downregulated in gliomas |
| 28 | HERV-K | Gene inactivation by insertional mutagenesis | BRCA2 | Germline inactivation mutations noted in some samples |
| 28 | HERV-K | Gene inactivation by insertional mutagenesis | XRCC1 | Polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gliomas |
| 32 | HERV-K LTR | Chromosomal rearrangement activating ETV1 proto-oncogene | ETV1 | ETV1 overexpression associated with aggressive phenotype in oligodendrogliomas |
| 33 | HERV LTR | Chromosomal rearrangement | PMS2 | Association with CMMRD |
| 37 | HERV LTR | cis activation of promoter | CSF1R | Implicated in Glioma invasion41 |
| 40 | HERV LTR | cis activation of promoter | ERBB4 | Associated with aggressive glioma phenotype42 |
| 43 | HERV-K | Correlation to CD133+ stem-cell markers in melanoma | CD133 | Glioma stem-cell marker, associated with aggressive phenotype |
| 8 | HERV-K (Hml-2) | Maintenance of stemness through interactions with CD98HC/mTOR | CD98HC | CD98 upregulated in astrocytic tumors, facilitates tumor proliferation, amino acid transport44 |
Abbreviations: CSF1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; ERBB4, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase; ETV1, ETS translocation variant 1; LNX, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; PLZF, promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein; PMS2, Mismatch repair endonuclease; XRCC1, X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1.