Fig. 2.

Transient blood-brain barrier opening enriches signal of circulating biomarkers. (A) Plasma cfDNA concentration was significantly enhanced after noninvasive MRgFUS BBBO. Each data point represents the mean cfDNA concentration for each patient. (B) The fold change in plasma cfDNA concentration is graphed over the course of adjuvant chemotherapy. Each gray line represents a single patient. The red line indicates the group mean at each cycle. (C) The concentration of single nucleosome length cfDNA was also increased after BBBO. (D) The fold change in plasma cfDNA concentration at each cycle is plotted against the volume of BBBO, demonstrating a positive Spearman’s correlation between the two variables. Each point represents the data at one cycle. (E) L1CAM and NCAM double-positive extracellular vesicles are increased after BBBO. (F) Plasma S100b levels are significantly increased after BBBO. In (C), (E), and (F), measurements were taken pre- and post-BBBO at only one cycle per patient, given the availability of samples. Abbreviations: BBBO, BBB opening; cfDNA, cell-free DNA; MRgFUS, MR-guided focused ultrasound; ndEV, neuron-derived extracellular vesicle.