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. 2021 Sep 30;9:197. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01132-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Taxonomic analysis of the microbial composition of the ancient dental calculus samples collected. A MetaPhlAn heatmap of the top 25 species found in the ancient calculus. B Species-level principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of β-diversity (Bray-Curtis distances) considering the microbiome from ancient calculus (this study) [5, 6, 11, 13, 31] modern calculus [13], plaque and tongue dorsum (HMP) [33]