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. 2021 Sep 30;9:197. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01132-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Differences in microbial taxonomic profiles between ancient and modern calculus and Methanobrevibacter abundance in dental calculus. A Phylum abundance (%) in ancient and modern calculus. Phyla that are statistically different between the two tissues are marked with asterisks (*p ≤ 0.05, ****p ≤ 0.0001). B Differences in genera between ancient and modern calculus (LEfSe) [43]. C Species-level principal coordinate analysis of the β-diversity (Bray-Curtis distances) of all ancient and modern calculus samples showing the abundance of Methanobrevibacter. Previously published ancient calculus from [5, 6, 11, 13, 31] and modern calculus from [13] were used in the analysis