. 2021 Sep 30;26(39):2001360. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.39.2001360

Table 2. Patient characteristics and risk factor analyses of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonisation among patients screened after direct transfer from hospitals abroad to Helsinki University Hospital, Finland, 2010–2019 (n = 698).

	Patients (n = 698)	ESBL-PE-positive (n = 163)		ESBL-PE-negative (n = 535)		OR (95% CI) in univariate analysis	p value in univariate analysis	AOR (95% CI) in multivariable analysis^a	p value in multivariable analysis^a
	n	n	%	n	%	OR (95% CI) in univariate analysis	p value in univariate analysis	AOR (95% CI) in multivariable analysis^a	p value in multivariable analysis^a
Sex
Male	427	105	24.6	322	75.4	1.2 (0.8–1.7)	0.33	NI	NI
Female	271	58	21.4	213	78.6	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
Age group (years)							0.39	NA
0–5	27	4	14.8	23	85.2	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
6–17	35	9	25.7	26	74.3	2.0 (0.5–7.3)	0.30	NI	NI
18–30	61	16	26.2	45	73.8	2.0 (0.6–6.8)	0.25	NI	NI
31–50	145	36	24.8	109	75.2	1.9 (0.6–5.9)	0.27	NI	NI
51–65	175	48	27.4	127	72.6	2.2 (0.7–6.6)	0.17	NI	NI
> 65	255	50	19.6	205	80.4	1.4 (0.5–4.2)	0.55	NI	NI
CCI							0.64	NA
0–1 points	428	105	24.5	323	75.5	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
2–4 points	217	47	21.7	170	78.3	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	0.42	NI	NI
> 4 points	53	11	20.8	42	79.2	0.8 (0.4–1.6)	0.55	NI	N
Chronic alcohol abuse
Yes	68	14	20.6	54	79.4	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
No	630	149	23.7	481	76.3	1.2 (0.6–2.2)	0.57	NI	NI
Travel type							0.26	NA
Work/leisure/other	553	122	22.1	431	77.9	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
Residence abroad	96	26	27.1	70	72.9	1.3 (0.8–2.1)	0.28	NI	NI
VFR	49	15	30.6	34	69.4	1.6 (0.8–3.0)	0.17	NI	NI
Geographical region							< 0.01	NA	< 0.01
North America	3	0	0	3	100	NA	NA	NA	NA
Latin America, Caribbean	10	6	60.0	4	40.0	9.7 (2.7–35.3)	< 0.01	9.7 (2.7–35.4)	< 0.01
Sub-Saharan Africa	21	13	61.9	8	38.1	10.5 (4.2–26.3)	< 0.01	13.1 (4.7–37.0)	< 0.01
North Africa, Middle East	38	13	34.2	25	65.8	3.4 (1.6–6.9)	< 0.01	3.7 (1.8–7.6)	< 0.01
Asia	96	61	63.5	35	36.5	11.3 (7.0–18.4)	< 0.01	10.4 (6.3–17.2)	< 0.01
Oceania	6	0	0	6	100	NA	NA	NA	NA
Europe	524	70	13.4	454	86.6	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Duration of hospitalisation							0.03	Eliminated^b	Eliminated^b
1–2 days	83	12	14.5	71	85.5	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
3–7 days	208	39	18.8	169	81.3	1.4 (0.7–2.8)	0.39	NI	NI
8–14 days	186	46	24.7	140	75.3	1.9 (1.0–3.9)	0.06	NI	NI
Over 14 days	193	55	28.5	138	71.5	2.4 (1.2–4.7)	0.01	NI	NI
Data missing	28	11	39.3	17	60.7	NI	NI	NI	NI
ICU treatment abroad
Yes	190	50	26.3	140	73.7	1.2 (0.9–1.8)	0.26	NI	NI
No	508	113	22.2	395	77.8	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
Major invasive procedure abroad
Yes	290	79	27.2	211	72.8	1.4 (1.0–2.1)	0.04	1.5 (1.0–2.2)	0.07
No	408	84	20.6	324	79.4	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Antibiotic use abroad								Eliminated^b	Eliminated^b
Yes	383	104	27.2	279	72.8	1.6 (1.1–2.3)	0.01	NI	NI
No	315	59	18.7	256	81.3	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
Reason for hospitalisation
Trauma	323	79	24.5	244	75.5	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	0.52	NI	NI
Non-trauma	375	84	22.4	291	77.6	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
Antibiotic use during screening^c
Yes	199	51	25.6	148	74.4	1.3 (0.9–1.9)	0.23	NI	NI
No	472	101	21.4	371	78.6	Ref	Ref	NI	NI
Data missing	27	11	40.7	16	59.3	NI	NI	NI	NI

AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI: confidence interval; ICU: intensive care unit; ESBL-PE: extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae; NA: not applicable; NI: not included; OR: odds ratio; Ref: reference; VFR: visiting friends and relatives.

^a The following variables were included in multivariable analysis: geographical region, duration of hospitalisation, major invasive procedure, antibiotic use abroad.

^b Eliminated before final step in backward selection.

^c Antibiotic treatment during screening for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDRGNB).