Table 3. Results: cognitive dysfunctions.
| Author and year of publication | Intervention ´ control | Cognitive dysfunctions | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CFF (Hz) | CTT | CRT | ||||||||
| Uemura et al., 201513 | Zolpidem (5 mg) ´ placebo | I: 33 (SEM=0.19) C: 32.4 (SEM=0.18) |
No data | No data | ||||||
| Boyle et al., 200914 | Zolpidem (5 mg) ´ placebo | Zolpidem minus placebo (MD) 1 h 30: -0.53 (-1.20 to 0.14) 4 h: -0.1 (-0.77 to 0.57) 8 h: -0.05 (-0.72 to 0.62) |
No data | No data | ||||||
| Hindmarch et al., 200616 | Zolpidem (6.25 mg) and (12.5 mg) ´ placebo | Zolpidem minus placebo (MD) 6.25 mg: 0.2 (-0.38–0.77) 12.5 mg: -0.44 (-1.02–0.14) Performed 8 h after administration |
Mean deviation (Pixels) (MD) 6.25 mg: -2.55 (-10.53–5.43) 12.5 mg: 4.20 (-3.78–12.18) Mean response time (ms) (MD) 6.25 mg: 19.59 (-113.56–74.39) 12.5 mg: 43.80 (-50.17–137.78) |
Zolpidem minus placebo (DM) CRT - Recognition time (ms) 6.25 mg: -10.60 (-36.75 to 15.56) 12.5 mg: 11.18 (-14.97–37.33) CRT - Motor reaction time (ms) 6.25 mg: 9.16 (-12.51–30.82) 12.5 mg: 2.22 (-23.89–19.44) CRT - Total reaction time 6.25 mg: -1.44 (-35.13–32.26) 12.5 mg: 8.96 (-24.74–42.65) |
||||||
| Bentué-Ferrer et al., 200317 | Zolpidem (5 mg) ´ placebo | No data | Mean (±SEM) (mm) H0: I=11.41 (10.56–12.26) C=11.92 (11.13–12.71) H9: I=14.35 (12.44–16.26) C=12.32 (11.22–13.42) |
No data | ||||||
| Fairweather et al., 199218 | Zolpidem (5 mg) and (10 mg) ´ placebo | No data | Placebo RMSTE (units) - Mean (SD): Day 1 – Baseline=11.4 (7.4); 10H=13.3 (12.4); 12H=14.0 (11.6); 18H=13.2 (11.2); Day 7 – Baseline=13.8 (14.4); 10H=14.0 (16.3); 12H=15.2 (22.0); 18H=13.7 (12.7). Peripheral stimuli (ms) - Mean (SD): Day 1 – Baseline=0.43 (0.08); 10H=0.45 (0.13); 12H=0.46 (0.08); 18H=0.46 (0.1); Day 7 – Baseline=0.45 (0.1); 10H=0.43 (0.08); 12H=0.44 (0.07); 18H=0.46 (0.11) Zolpidem (5 mg) RMSTE (units) - Mean (SD): Day 1 – Baseline=12.7 (10.4); 10H=12.8 (9.6); 12H=13.4 (9.9); 18H=13.5 (10.2); Day 7 – Baseline=11.7 (9.5); 10H=12.6 (9.6); 12H=12.1 (8.5); 18H=12.1 (10.1). Peripheral stimuli (ms) - Mean (SD): Day 1 – Baseline=0.43 (0.07); 10H=0.43 (0.1); 12H=0.46 (0.1); 18H=0.45 (0.6); Day 7 - Baseline=0.43 (0.07); 10H=0.44 (0.07); 12H=0.45 (0.07); 18H=0.45 (0.06). Zolpidem (10 mg) RMSTE (units) - Mean (SD): Day 1 – Baseline=12.5 (10.8); 10H=13.3 (9.9); 12H=13.2 (9.9); 18H=13.4 (11.9); Day 7 – Baseline=11.5 (8.1); 10H=12.4 (10.1); 12H=12.7 (11.3); 18H=13.5 (12.1). Peripheral stimuli (ms) - Mean (SD): Day 1 – Baseline=0.43 (0.08); 10H=0.44 (0.07); 12H=0.46 (0.08); 18H=0.45 (0.08); Day 7 – Baseline=0.44 (0.08); 10H=0.44 (0.08); 12H=0.45 (0.07); 18H=0.46 (0.09). |
“There was no statistically significant difference.” | ||||||
| Uemura et al., 201513 | No data | Accuracy rate (%) I: 94.2 (SEM=1.1) C: 92.9 (SEM=0.9) Reaction time (s) I: 0.51 (0.01) C: 0.5 (0.01) |
I: Accuracy rate (%)=34.6 (2.4) C: Accuracy rate (%)=32.1 (2.4) |
No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | ||
| Boyle et al., 200914 | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | ||
| Hindmarch et al., 200616 | No data | No data | No data | Zolpidem minus placebo (MD) (nº) 6.25 mg: 0.68 (-1.24–2.61) 12.5 mg: 0.73 (-1.2–2.65) |
No data | No data | No data | Zolpidem minus placebo (MD) (nº) Immediate word recall 6.25 mg: -0.34 (-1.47–0.78) 12.5 mg: -0.68 (-1.8–0.45) Delayed word recall 6.25 mg: -0.08 (-1.29–1.13) 12.5 mg: -1.05 (-2.26–0.16) |
||
| Bentué-Ferrer et al., 200317 | Mean (SEM) 2 digits H0: I=825 (42) C=985 (62) H9: I=892 (40) C=923 (56) 3 digits H0: I=926 (34) C=953 (45) H9: I=933 (33) C=950 (44) 4 digits H0: I=982 (39) C=995 (39) H9: I=950 (34) C=997 (41) 5 digits H0: I=1027 (39) C=1073 (50) H9: I=1010 (34) C=1039 (42) 6 digits H0: I=1123 (64) C=1136 (63) H9: I=1084 (41) C=1052 (36) |
No data | No data | No data | IFRL (H9) (nº) I: 5 (mean) C: 4 (mean) MFIR (H9) (nº) I: 7 (mean) C: 7 (mean) DFR (H10) (nº) I: 6 (mean) C: 6 (mean) |
Mean (±SEM) (ms) H0: I=344.97 (305.37–384.57) C=320.61 (308.21–333.01) H4: I=323.45 (315.05–331.85) C=338.29 (328.29–348.29) H5: I=335.13 (325.53–344.73) C=345.17 (333.17–357.17) H6: I=345.62 (333.62–357.62) C=347.65 (335.65–359.65) H8: I=336.50 (324.90–348.10) C=354.13 (340.53–367.73) H10: I=316.57 (310.17–322.97) C=331.00 (319.40–342.60) |
No data | No data | ||
| Fairweather et al., 199218 | “There was no statistically significant difference.” | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data | “There was no statistically significant difference.” | No data | ||
SDR test: simple discrimination reaction; STM test: short-term memory; CFF: critical flicker fusion; CRT: choice reaction time; CTT: continuous tracking test; DSST: digit symbol substitution test; MRT: mean reaction time; LMT: learning memory task; SRT: simple reaction time; WRT: word recognition task; SD: standard deviation; MD: mean difference; ms: meter per second; RMSTE: root mean square tracking error; s: seconds; IFRL: immediate free recall list; MFIR: mean of the four immediate recalls; DFR: delayed free recall; SEM: standard error of the mean; mg: milligram; mm: millimeter; p<0.05 in bold.