Table 2.
Predictors of poor outcomes among hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection at King Saud University Medical City using univariate analysis.
| Univariate OR (95% CI) (For mortality) | P | Univariate OR (95% CI) (For invasive mechanical ventilation) | P | Univariate OR (95% CI) (For ICU admission) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Gender | – | .441 | – | .340 | – | .091 |
| Age ≥65 years (vs. <65 years) | 2.5 (1.6–3.8) | <.001 | – | .279 | – | .077 |
| Non-HCWs (vs. HCWs) | 10.3 (1.4–75.2) | .005 | 8.8 (1.2–64.6) | .010 | 10.3 (2.5–42.9) | <.001 |
| BMI | – | .170 | – | .501 | – | .220 |
| Smoking history | – | .077 | – | .064 | – | .084 |
| Blood group | – | .817 | – | .773 | – | .582 |
| Past medical history (each against no history of that disease) | ||||||
| Presence of ≥1 comorbidities (vs. none) | 2.9 (1.8–4.8) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.3–3.2) | .003 | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | <.001 |
| Use of ACEis or ARBs (vs. no use) | – | .266 | – | .928 | – | .364 |
| Hypertension | 2.7 (1.8–4.0) | <.001 | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | .004 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.2 (1.5–3.3) | <.001 | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | .004 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 2.5 (1.3–4.7) | .004 | – | .381 | 2.4 (1.4–4.3) | .002 |
| Stroke | – | .415 | – | .249 | – | .486 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.1 (1.1–4.3) | .030 | – | .192 | 1.9 (1.0–3.6) | .039 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2.1 (1.3–3.5) | .002 | – | .088 | – | .078 |
| Any lung diseasea | – | .066 | – | .213 | – | .836 |
| Autoimmune disease | – | .753 | – | .731 | – | .968 |
| Hypothyroidism | – | .810 | – | .541 | – | .530 |
| Active cancer | – | .166 | – | .800 | – | .582 |
| History and vital signs in the first 24 h | ||||||
| History of fever (vs. no fever) | – | .189 | – | .148 | – | .051 |
| History of dyspnea (vs. no dyspnea) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | .005 | 2.3 (1.4–3.7) | .001 | 2.5 (1.7–3.6) | <.001 |
| History of Cough (vs. no cough) | – | .571 | – | .357 | – | .432 |
| History of Anosmia (vs. no Anosmia) | – | .473 | – | .726 | – | .833 |
| History of GI symptoms (vs. no GI symptoms) | – | .414 | – | .391 | – | .603 |
| Symptoms duration less than 7 days (vs. ≥7 days) | 2.6 (1.5–4.6) | <.001 | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | .037 | – | .321 |
| Initial temperature of ≥38 °C (vs. below 38) | 1.6 (1.0–2.2) | .031 | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | .026 | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | .030 |
| Initial systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg (vs. ≥90 mmHg) | 4.1 (2.0–8.4) | <.001 | 4.9 (2.4–10.0) | <.001 | 3.2 (1.6–6.3) | .001 |
| Initial respiratory rate >24 breaths/min (vs. ≤24 breaths/min) | 2.9 (1.9–4.3) | <.001 | 3.6 (2.3–5.5) | <.001 | 5.0 (3.5–7.0) | <.001 |
| Initial oxygen saturation below 94% (vs. ≥94%) | 1.9 (1.3–2.9) | .002 | 2.2 (1.4–3.4) | <.001 | 3.0 (2.1–4.2) | <.001 |
| Laboratory and radiological findings in the first 48 h | ||||||
| RT-PCR Ct value ≤24 (vs. >24) | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | .004 | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | .018 | – | .072 |
| White blood cell counts of <4 × 109 cells/L (vs. ≥4 × 109 cells/L) | – | .471 | – | .756 | – | .460 |
| Lymphocytes count less than 1 × 109 cells/L (vs. ≥1 × 109 cells/L) | 3.7 (2.5–5.7) | <.001 | 4.8 (3.0–7.6) | < .001 | 4.2 (3.0–6.0) | < .001 |
| Platelets count less than 150 × 109 cells/L (vs. ≥150 × 109 cells/L) | – | .293 | – | .161 | – | .292 |
| D-dimer >.45 mg/dL (vs. ≤.45 mg/dL) | 2.2 (1.0–4.6) | .044 | 2.7 (1.1–6.3) | .021 | 2.3 (1.3–4.0) | .005 |
| AST >37 units/L (vs. ≤37 unitsL) | 3.4 (2.1–5.3) | <.001 | 3.7 (2.2–6.0) | <.001 | 3.0 (2.0–4.2) | <.001 |
| ALT >61 units/L (vs. ≤61 units/L) | – | .627 | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | .035 | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | .028 |
| Creatinine >115 μmol/L (vs. ≤115) | 3.9 (2.5–6.0) | <.001 | 3.2 (2.0–5.0) | <.001 | 2.8 (1.9–4.1) | <.001 |
| Ferritin >400 μg/L (vs. ≤400 μg/L) | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | .037 | 2.4 (1.5–4.0) | <.001 | 2.3 (1.6–3.4) | <.001 |
| CRP >20 mg/L (vs. ≤20 mg/L) | 4.3 (1.7–10.8) | .001 | 4.0 (1.6–10.0) | .002 | 2.5 (1.4–4.4) | .001 |
| PCT >.5 ng/mL (vs. ≤.5 ng/mL) | 2.3 (1.2–4.4) | .008 | 2.0 (1.1–3.8) | .029 | 2.3 (1.5–3.8) | <.001 |
| Trop I >100 ng/L (vs. ≤100 ng/L) | 2.6 (1.3–5.2) | .006 | 2.8 (1.4–5.6) | .003 | 2.9 (1.5–5.7) | .001 |
| CK >308 units/L (vs. ≤308 units/L) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | .006 | 2.3 (1.4–3.8) | .001 | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | .030 |
| Lactate >2 mmol/L (vs. ≤2) | – | .080 | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | .014 | – | .075 |
| IL-6 >7 pg/mL (vs. ≤7) | – | .052 | – | .262 | – | .390 |
| CXR infiltrates (vs. no infiltrates) | 2.5 (1.5–4.1) | <.001 | 3.0 (1.7–5.2) | <.001 | 3.0 (2.0–4.4) | <.001 |
HCWs; healthcare workers, RT-PCR; reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, ct; cycle threshold, AST; aspartate transaminase, CRP; C-reactive protein, PCT; procalcitonin, Trop I; troponin I, CK; creatinine kinase, CXR; chest X-ray, BMI; body mass index, ACEIs; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs; angiotensin receptor blockers, GI; gastrointestinal, ALT; alanine transaminase, IL-6; interleukin-6, ICU; intensive care unit.
a
Including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, interstitial lung disease, obstructive sleep apnea-obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and bronchiectasis.