Table 10. Narrative reviews.
| Author | Year | Location | Subjective history | Clinical tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nichols (1989) | 1989 | Not specified | Location of pain (Distal 5 cm) Tendon stiffness Pain with tendon loading Gradual onset of pain Change in activity |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Reduced ROM Hopping |
| Fredericson (1996) | 1996 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Benazzo, Todesca & Ceciliani (1997) | 1997 | Insertional | Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation |
| Chazan (1998) | 1998 | Insertional Midportion | Gradual onset of pain Tendon stiffness Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion Pain with resisted plantarflexion Reduced ROM |
| Järvinen et al. (2001) | 2001 | Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Cook, Khan & Purdam (2002) | 2002 | Insertional Midportion | Gradual onset of pain Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness Change in activity VISA-A |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Single-leg heel raise Hopping |
| Kader et al. (2002) | 2002 | Midportion | Gradual onset of pain Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms Tendon stiffness Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Painful Arc Sign |
| Maffulli & Kader (2002) | 2002 | Midportion | Gradual onset of pain Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Painful Arc Sign |
| Paavola et al. (2002) | 2002 | Midportion | Pain with tendon loading Duration of symptoms |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Alfredson (2003) | 2003 | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Aldridge (2004) | 2004 | Insertional | Pain with tendon loading | Pain on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion |
| Maffulli, Sharma & Luscombe (2004) | 2004 | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Sorosky et al. (2004) | 2004 | Not specified | Gradual onset of pain Pain with tendon loading Change in training |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion Pain with resisted plantarflexion |
| Aronow (2005) | 2005 | Insertional Midportion | Pain with tendon loading | Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion (insertional) Painful Arc Sign (midportion) Single-leg Heel Raise |
| Bains & Porter (2006) | 2006 | Midportion | Gradual onset of pain Location of pain (2–5 cm above calcaneal insertion) Tendon stiffness Pain with tendon loading Change in training VISA-A |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Hopping on the spot Forward hopping 6m hop test |
| Sharma & Maffulli (2006) | 2006 | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading Swelling |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Alfredson & Cook (2007) | 2007 | Midportion | Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Localised swelling on palpation Single-leg Heel Raise Hopping on the spot Forward hopping |
| Furia & Rompe (2007) | 2007 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–5 cm above calcaneal insertion) - midportion Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion (insertional) Reduced ROM |
| McShane, Ostick & McCabe (2007) | 2007 | Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Single-leg heel raise |
| Hu & Flemister (2008) | 2008 | Insertional | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion Reduced ROM Silfverskiold test |
| Tan & Chan (2008) | 2008 | Midportion | Location of pain (midportion) Duration of pain (>2 weeks) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Single-leg heel raise |
| Courville, Coe & Hecht (2009) | 2009 | Midportion | Pain with tendon loading Location of pain Tendon stiffness Change in activity |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Den Hartog (2009) | 2009 | Insertional | Gradual onset of pain Duration of symptoms Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Longo, Ronga & Maffulli (2009) | 2009 | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading Swelling |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Simpson & Howard (2009) | 2009 | Midportion | Location of pain (2–5 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading Swelling Change in activity |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Reduced flexibility in hamstring and calf |
| Irwin (2010) | 2010 | Insertional | Location of pain (calcaneal tuberosity) Swelling Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Scott, Huisman & Khan (2011) | 2011 | MIdportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Swelling |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation |
| Maffulli et al. (2012) | 2012 | Midportion | Location of pain (4–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading Swelling Change in activity |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Reduced ROM |
| Maffulli, Giuseppe Longo & Denaro (2012) | 2012 | Not specified | Gradual onset of pain Tendon stiffness Pain with tendon loading Swelling VISA-A |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Painful Arc Sign |
| Asplund & Best (2013) | 2013 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Maffulli, Via & Oliva (2014) | 2014 | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Single-leg heel raise |
| Horn & McCollum (2015) | 2015 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Localised swelling on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Maffulli, Giai Via & Oliva (2015) | 2015 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (insertion) Swelling Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Saini et al. (2015) | 2015 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (midportion) Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Pain with dorsiflexion and plantarflexion |
| Chimenti et al. (2017) | 2017 | Insertional | Location of pain (distal 2 cm) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion Pain with resisted plantarflexion Reduced ROM |
| Feilmeier (2017) | 2017 | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Swelling Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness Change in activity VISA-A |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test Single-leg Heel Raise Hopping |
| Pedowitz & Beck (2017) | 2017 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Single leg heel raise |
| Baskerville et al. (2018) | 2018 | Not specified | Gradual onset of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Pain with passive and active movement Reduced strength |
| Bhatty, Khan & Zubairy (2019) | 2019 | Insertional Midportion | Pain with tendon loading | Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion (insertional) Pain with resisted plantarflexion Reduced ROM |
| Maffulli et al. (2019) | 2019 | Insertional | Location of pain (distal 2 cm) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Jukes, Scott & Solan (2020) | 2020 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness Duration of symptoms |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Royal London Hospital Test Silfverskiold test |
| Maffulli et al. (2020) | 2020 | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Localised swelling Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Millar et al. (2021) | 2021 | Not specified | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test Single leg heel raise Hopping |
Note:
cm, centimetres; M, male; F, female; VISA-A, Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles; ROM, range of motion; m, metres.