Table 7. Cohort studies.
| Author | Year | Study design | Sample size | Location | Subjective history | Clinical tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Welsh & Clodman (1980) | 1980 | Retrospective | 50 (M/F = 28/22) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–4 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Karjalainen et al. (2000) | 2000 | Prospective | 100 (M/F = 75/25) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (not specified) |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation |
| Paavola et al. (2000) | 2000 | Prospective | 107 (M/F = 78/29) | Midportion | Pain with tendon loading Duration of symptoms (<6 months) |
Pain on palpation Range of motion Single-leg heel raise Single-leg stance |
| Paavola et al. (2002) | 2002 | Prospective | 42 (M/F = 29/13) | Midportion | Pain with tendon loading | Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation Range of Motion Single-leg heel raise |
| Khan et al. (2003) | 2003 | Prospective | 45 (M/F = 27/18) | Insertional Midportion | Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness VISA-A |
Pain on palpation |
| Lakshmanan & O’Doherty (2004) | 2004 | Prospective | 15 (M/F = 12/3) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>6 months) |
Not specified |
| Knobloch (2007) | 2007 | Prospective | 64 (M/F = 39/25) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion)-midportion Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading Swelling |
Not specified |
| Sayana & Maffulli (2007) | 2007 | Prospective | 34 (M/F = 18/16) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Silbernagel et al. (2007) | 2007 | Prospective | 37 (M/F = 20/17) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>2 months) Pain with tendon loading Swelling |
Counter movement Jump Hopping Heel raise |
| Barge-Caballero et al. (2008) | 2008 | Retrospective | 242 (M/F = 191/51) | Not specified | Pain with tendon loading | Pain on palpation |
| Chester et al. (2008) | 2008 | Prospective | 16 (M/F = 11/5) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Knobloch et al. (2008) | 2008 | Prospective | 121 (M/F = 74/47) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Maffulli et al. (2008) | 2008 | Prospective | 45 (M/F = 29/16) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Duthon et al. (2011) | 2011 | Prospective | 14 (M/F = 11/3) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>1 year) |
Localised tendon thickening on palpation Range of Motion Plantarflexion strength Silfverskiold test |
| Crill, Berlet & Hyer (2014) | 2014 | Prospective | 25 (M/F = not specified) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–4 cm above calcaneal insertion) | Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Single-leg heel raise |
| Murawski et al. (2014) | 2014 | Retrospective | 32 (M/F = 21/11) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–7 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading Tendon Stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation |
| McCormack et al. (2015) | 2015 | Prospective | 15 (M/F = 4/11) | Insertional | Location of pain (distal 2 cm) Duration of symptoms (>6 weeks) Pain with tendon loading VISA-A |
Pain on palpation |
| Oloff et al. (2015) | 2015 | Prospective | 26 (M/F = not specified) | Not specified | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>6 months) |
Not specified |
| Cheng, Zhang & Cai (2016) | 2016 | Prospective | 42 (M/F = 29/13) | Insertional | Location of pain (distal 2 cm) Duration of symptoms (>6 months) Swelling Pain with tendon loading |
Not specified |
| Syvertson et al. (2017) | 2017 | Prospective | 11 (M/F = 4/7) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation |
| Wei et al. (2017) | 2017 | Retrospective | 68 (M/F = 53/15) | Insertional | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>6 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Alfredson & Spang (2018) | 2018 | Retrospective | 771 (M/F = 481/290) | Insertional Midportion | Pain with tendon loading VISA-A |
Not specified |
| Jowett, Richmond & Bedi (2018) | 2018 | Prospective | 26 (M/F = 13/13) | Midportion | Location of pain Localised swelling Duration of symptoms (>6 months) |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation |
| Stenson et al. (2018) | 2018 | Retrospective | 664 (M/F = 312/352) | Insertional | Location of pain (insertion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) |
Range of motion |
| Florit et al. (2019) | 2019 | Retrospective | 110 (M/F = 103/7) | Not specified | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Pain with tendon loading tests (not specified) |
| Mansur et al. (2019) | 2019 | Prospective | 19 (M/F = 11/8) | Insertional | Location of pain (distal 2 cm) | Pain on palpation |
| O’Neill et al. (2019) | 2019 | Prospective | 16 (M/F = 11/5) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Von Wehren et al. (2019) | 2019 | Retrospective | 50 (M/F = 27/23) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>6 weeks) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Zellers et al. (2019) | 2019 | Retrospective | 56 (M/F = 25/31) | Insertional | Location of pain (insertion) | Pain on palpation |
| Zhuang et al. (2019) | 2019 | Prospective | 28 (M/F = 17/11) | Insertional | Location of pain (insertion) | Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Pain with resisted plantarflexion Reduced plantarflexion strength Heel raise test |
| Zhang et al. (2020) | 2020 | Retrospective | 33 (M/F = 31/2) | Insertional | Location of pain (insertion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) |
Not specified |
Note:
cm, centimetres; M, male; F, female; VISA-A, Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles.