Table 8. Case-control studies.
| Author | Year | Sample size | Location | Subjective history | Clinical tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maffulli et al. (2003) | 2003 | 24 (M/F = 24/0) | Midportion | Not specified | Pain on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Neeter et al. (2003) | 2003 | 25 (M/F = 15/10) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (<3 months) |
Pain on palpation Range of motion Single-leg heel raise |
| Reiter et al. (2004) | 2004 | 35 (M/F = 30/5) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading VISA-A |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation |
| Holmes & Lin (2006) | 2006 | 82 (M/F = 44/38) | Not specified | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Leung & Griffith (2008) | 2008 | 71 (M/F = 31/40) | Not specified | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>6 months) |
Pain on palpation Localised thickening on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Azevedo et al. (2009) | 2009 | 42 (M/F = 32/10) | Midportion | Gradual onset of pain Tendon stiffness Swelling Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Painful Arc Sign |
| Lohrer & Nauck (2009) | 2009 | 119 (M/F = not specified) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–7 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Ryan et al. (2009) | 2009 | 48 (M/F = 48/0) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Not specified |
| Sengkerij et al. (2009) | 2009 | 25 (M/F = 16/9) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–7 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Verrall, Schofield & Brustad (2011) | 2011 | 190 (M/F = 108/82) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (distal 2 cm) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Reid et al. (2012) | 2012 | 36 (M/F = not specified) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Hutchison et al. (2013) | 2013 | 21 (M/F = 9/12) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test Pain with dorsiflexion Single-leg heel raise Hopping |
| Pingel et al. (2013) | 2013 | 18 (M/F = 10/8) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>6 months) |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Ooi et al. (2015) | 2015 | 240 (M/F = 180/60) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Chimenti et al. (2016) | 2016 | 40 (M/F = 20/20) | Insertional | Location of pain (insertion) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Gärdin et al. (2016) | 2016 | 30 (M/F = 12/18) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–7 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>6 months) |
Pain on palpation |
| Nadeau et al. (2016) | 2016 | 43 (M/F = 30/13) | Midportion | Location of pain (middle third) Duration of symptoms (>4 weeks) VISA-A |
Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Pain with passive dorsiflexion Pain with resisted plantarflexion Single-leg heel raise Hopping |
| Creaby et al. (2017) | 2017 | 25 (M/F = 25/0) | Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation Hopping |
| Jewson et al. (2017) | 2017 | 35 (M/F = 22/13) | Not specified | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>4 weeks) Pain with tendon loading |
Not specified |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | 2017 | 37 (M/F = 26/11) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (insertion) |
Pain on palpation Pain with resisted plantarflexion |
| Cassel et al. (2018) | 2018 | 182 (M/F = 113/69) | Not specified | Pain with tendon loading | Pain on palpation |
| Coombes et al. (2018) | 2018 | 67 (M/F = 37/30) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) |
Pain on palpation Single-leg heel raise |
| Hernández-Sánchez et al. (2018) | 2018 | 210 (M/F = 148/62) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Not specified |
| De Mesquita et al. (2018) | 2018 | 67 (M/F = 41/26) | Not specified | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>2 months) |
Pain on palpation |
| Abate & Salini (2019) | 2019 | 64 (M/F = 40/24) | Midportion | Location of pain Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Eckenrode, Kietrys & Stackhouse (2019) | 2019 | 41 (M/F = 19/22) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Single-leg heel raise |
| Romero-Morales et al. (2019a) | 2019 | 141 (M/F = 116/25) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Romero-Morales et al. (2019b) | 2019 | 143 (M/F = not specified) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Chimenti et al. (2020) | 2020 | 46 (M/F = 30/16) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (distal 2 cm) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Pain on palpation |
| Rabello et al. (2020) | 2020 | 46 (M/F = 30/16) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Location of pain (distal 2 cm) |
Not specified |
Note:
cm, centimetres; M, male; F, female; VISA-A, Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles.