Table 9. Cross-sectional studies.
| Author | Year | Sample size | Location | Subjective history | Clinical tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maffulli et al. (2008) | 2008 | 50 (M/F = 50/0) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
| Longo et al. (2009) | 2009 | 178 (M/F = 110/68) | Not specified | VISA-A | Pain on palpation Localised tendon thickening on palpation Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Divani et al. (2010) | 2010 | 26 (M/F = 17/9) | Midportion | Not specified | Pain on palpation |
| De Jonge et al. (2011) | 2011 | 107 (M/F = 51/56) | Midportion | Location of pain (above calcaneal insertion) | Not specified |
| Wang et al. (2012) | 2012 | 17 (M/F = 17/0) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading VISA-A |
Pain on palpation Royal London Hospital Test |
| Kragsnaes et al. (2014) | 2014 | 50 (M/F = 27/23) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>4 months) |
Pain on palpation |
| Docking et al. (2015) | 2015 | 21 (M/F = 20/1) | Insertional Midportion | Pain with tendon loading | Single-leg heel raise Hopping |
| De Marchi et al. (2018) | 2018 | 27 (M/F = 19/8) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>6 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Not specified |
| Praet et al. (2018) | 2018 | 20 (M/F = 13/7) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–6 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>2 months) |
Pain on palpation |
| Scholes et al. (2018) | 2018 | 21 (M/F = 21/0) | Midportion | Location of pain (midportion) Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Not specified |
| Finnamore et al. (2019) | 2019 | 25 (M/F = 12/13) | Midportion | Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation |
| Santamato et al. (2019) | 2019 | 12 (M/F = 7/5) | Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>4 weeks) |
Reduced ROM Pain during AROM Painful Arc Sign Royal London Hospital Test |
| Aiyegbusi, Tella & Sanusi (2020) | 2020 | 85 (M/F = 56/29) | Not specified | VISA-A | Royal London Hospital Test |
| Mantovani et al. (2020) | 2020 | 19 (M/F = 13/6) | Not specified | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) VISA-A (<80) |
Pain on palpation |
| Turner et al. (2020) | 2020 | 15 (M/F = 8/7) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Gradual onset of pain Pain with tendon loading |
Not specified |
| Vallance et al. (2020) | 2020 | 86 (M/F = 86/0) | Insertional Midportion | Location of pain Duration of symptoms (>3 months) Pain with tendon loading Tendon stiffness |
Single-leg heel raise Hopping |
| Van der Vlist et al. (2020) | 2020 | 28 (M/F = 16/12) | Midportion | Location of pain (2–7 cm above calcaneal insertion) Duration of symptoms (>2 months) Pain with tendon loading |
Pain on palpation Localised swelling on palpation |
Note:
cm, centimetres; M, male; F, female; VISA-A, Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles.