TABLE 1.
Study characteristics of included 41 randomized controlled trials
| Author | Age (mean) | % Female | Cancer-type | Cancer stage | Cancer phase | Delivery format | Modality | Intervention-type | Control | Outcome | SpWb measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Badger36 | 66.99 | 0.00 | Prostate | Mixed | Mixed | Phone | Dyad | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Unspecified | QOL-BC SpWB |
| Badger35 | 47.34 | 100.00 | Breast | Mixed | PT | Phone | Dyad | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Secondary | QOL-BC SpWB |
| Breitbart38 | 60.10 | 51.10 | Mixed | Advanced | Mixed | In-person | Group | Meaning/Existential | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Breitbart39 | 54.40 | 60.50 | Mixed | Advanced | Mixed | In-person | Individual | Meaning/Existential | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Breitbart37 | 58.20 | 69.50 | Mixed | Advanced | NR | In-person | Group | Meaning/Existential | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Breitbart40 | 58.00 | 71.70 | Mixed | Advanced | Pal | In-person | Individual | Meaning/Existential | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Carlson41 | 54.66 | 100 | NR | NR | NR | In-person | Group | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Cohen42 | 51.86 | 100.00 | Breast | Mixed | Cur | In-person | Individual | Education/HLB | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Cook43 | 59.53 | 53.00 | Mixed | NR | NR | In-person | Individual | Creative arts | WL/SC | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Cramer44 | 68.26 | 38.90 | Colorectal | Mixed | Mixed | In-person | Group | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Djuric45 | 55.50 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | PT | In-person | Individual | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Unspecified | FACIT-Sp |
| Fauver46 | 64.15 | NR | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | In-person | Group | Meaning/Existential | WL/SC | Unspecified | FACIT-Sp-EX |
| Ferguson47 | 50.28 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | PT | In-person | Individual | Skills Based/CBT | A/E/C | Primary | QOL-CS SpWb |
| Freeman48 | 55.40 | 100.00 | Breast | Mixed | PT | In-person | Group | Multimodal | WL/SC | Secondary | FACIT-Sp-EX |
| Guthrey49 | NR | 97.00 | Mixed | Mixed | PT | In-person | Group | Meaning/Existential | WL/SC | Unspecified | FACIT-Sp-EX |
| Hanser50 | 51.50 | 100.00 | Breast | Advanced | Cur | In-person | Individual | Creative arts | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Hawkes51 | 66.35 | 46.10 | Colorectal | Mixed | Mixed | In-person | Individual | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Heiney52 | 50.40 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | Mixed | Phone | Group | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Unspecified | QOL-BC SpWB |
| Henderson53 | 49.80 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | Mixed | In-person | Group | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Hoogland54 | 51.40 | 100.00 | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | In-person | Individual | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Jafari55 | 48.00 | 100.00 | Breast | NR | NR | In-person | Group | Meaning/Existential | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Juarez56 | 49.65 | 100.00 | Breast | Mixed | PT | In-person | Individual | Education/HLB | A/E/C | Primary | QOL-BC SpWB |
| Kristeller57 | 59.98 | 55.06 | Mixed | NR | Mixed | In-person | Individual | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Unspecified | FACIT-Sp |
| Leal58 | 41.00 | 62.50 | Lymphoma | Mixed | Mixed | In-person | Group | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Unspecified | FACIT-Sp |
| Liao59 | 61.82 | 50.00 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Individual | Multimodal | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Liu60 | 49.11 | 100.00 | Breast | Mixed | PT | In-person | Group | Multimodal | A/E/C | Unspecified | BMSWBI |
| Lo61 | 56.00 | 70.00 | Mixed | Advanced | NR | In-person | Individual | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Loerzel62 | 72.10 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | PT | In-person | Individual | Multimodal | A/E/C | Primary | QOL-BC SpWB |
| Meneses63 | 54.50 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | PT | In-person | Individual | Education/HLB | A/E/C | Secondary | QOL-BC SpWB |
| Milbury64 | 53.63 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | PT | In-person | Group | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Moadel65 | 54.81 | 100.00 | Breast | Mixed | Mixed | In-person | Group | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Primary | FACIT-Sp |
| Nidich66 | 63.84 | 100.00 | Breast | Mixed | NR | In-person | Individual | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Olesen67 | 50.03 | 100.00 | Ovarian | Early | PT | In-person | Individual | Education/HLB | A/E/C | Primary | QOL-CS SpWb |
| Piderman68 | 59.30 | 34.52 | Mixed | NR | Cur | In-person | Dyad | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Puig69 | 51.40 | 100.00 | Breast | Early | Mixed | In-person | Individual | Creative arts | A/E/C | Unspecified | EOSI |
| Radl70 | 52.13 | 100.00 | Mixed | Mixed | Cur | In-person | Individual | Creative arts | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Radl71 | 52.13 | 100.00 | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | In-person | Individual | Creative arts | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Rodin72 | 59.08 | 60.00 | NR | Advanced | NR | In-person | Individual | Multimodal | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Roth73 | 76.00 | 53.00 | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Phone | Individual | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
| Rummans74 | 59.54 | 35.92 | Mixed | Advanced | NR | In-person | Group | Skills based/CBT | A/E/C | Secondary | LASA |
| Zernicke75 | 58.00 | 72.58 | Mixed | Mixed | PT | Online | Group | Meditation/Yoga | A/E/C | Secondary | FACIT-Sp |
Abbreviations: A/E/C, Attention/Education/Component control; BMSWBI, Body-Mind-Spirit Well-Being Inventory; CBT, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; Cur, Curative; Education/HLB, Education/Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours; EOSI, Expressions of Spirituality Inventory; FACIT-Sp, FACIT-Sp Total Score; FACIT-Sp-Ex, Expanded FACIT-Sp; LASA, Linear Analogue-Self Assessment spiritual well-being item; NR, Not reported; Pal, Palliative; PT, Post-treatment; QOL-CS SpWb, Quality of Life-Breast Cancer Spiritual Well-Being subscale; WL/SC, Waitlist or standard care.