TABLE 2.
Moderator analyses of demographic, clinical, intervention, study design, and outcome variables
| Mean (SD) | Number of studies | Number of effect size estimates | Average ES (95% Cl) | I2 (%) | F(df1, df2) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||||||||
| Average participant age | 56.4 (7.2) | 40 | 87 | −0.003 (−0.02. 0.01) | 0.13 | 55 | 0.27 (1, 12.7) | 0.612 |
| Average % female | 79.5 | 40 | 87 | 0.00 (−0.004, 0.004) | 0.14 | 56 | 0.00 (1, 12.3) | 0.988 |
| Clinical variables | ||||||||
| Cancer-type | - | - | - | - | - | 34 | 0.87 (1, 19.0) | 0.362 |
| Breast | - | 17 | 40 | 0.24 (0.10. 0.39) | 0.18 | - | - | - |
| Othera | - | 24 | 48 | 0.17 (0.10, 0.25) | 0.03 | - | - | - |
| Cancer stage | - | - | - | - | - | 53 | 1.34 (2. 10.2) | 0.311 |
| Early | - | 9 | 19 | 0.19 (0.02, 0.36) | 0.03 | - | - | - |
| Advanced | - | 8 | 19 | 0.27 (0.09, 0.44) | 0.07 | - | - | - |
| Mixed | - | 18 | 39 | 0.14 (0.07, 0.22) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Not reported | - | 6 | 11 | 0.42 (−0.31, 0.86) | 0.36 | - | - | - |
| Cancer phase | - | - | - | - | - | 39 | 0.07 (2. 5.5) | 0.937 |
| Curative | - | 4 | 19 | 0.17 (0.03, 0.30) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Mixed | - | 15 | 30 | 0.16 (0.06, 0.26) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Palliative | - | 1 | 6 | 0.21 (−1.72, 2.13) | 0.07 | - | - | - |
| Post-treatment | - | 12 | 21 | 0.19 (0.04, 0.34) | 0.02 | - | - | - |
| Not reported | - | 9 | 12 | 0.35 (0.08, 0.62) | 0.29 | - | - | - |
| Intervention characteristics | ||||||||
| Delivery format | - | - | - | - | - | 28 | 1.48 (1, 4.1) | 0.290 |
| In-person | - | 34 | 74 | 0.21 (0.14, 0.29) | 0.10 | - | - | - |
| Otherb | - | 7 | 13 | 0.15 (−0.02, 0.32) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Intervention modality | - | - | - | - | - | 45 | 2.50 (2, 4.7) | 0.182 |
| Individual | - | 22 | 49 | 0.16 (0.10, 0.22) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Dyad | - | 3 | 10 | 0.01 (−0.59, 0.62) | 0.14 | - | - | - |
| Group | - | 16 | 29 | 0.33 (0.17, 0.48) | 0.20 | - | - | - |
| Intervention-type | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | 2.15 (5. 9.4) | 0.147 |
| Creative arts | - | 5 | 10 | 0.32 (0.14, 0.50) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Education/Healthy lifestyle behaviours | - | 5 | 12 | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.22) | 0.08 | - | - | - |
| Meaning/Existential | - | 7 | 12 | 0.39 (0.09, 0.70) | 0.26 | - | - | - |
| Meditation/Yoga | - | 10 | 17 | 0.25 (0.09, 0.41) | 0.17 | - | - | - |
| Multimodal | - | 5 | 10 | 0.28 (−0.10, 0.67) | 0.17 | - | - | - |
| Skills-based/CBT | - | 12 | 27 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.23) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Intervention sessions | - | 39 | 85 | −0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.13 | 55 | 0.10 (1, 1.7) | 0.786 |
| Study design characteristics | ||||||||
| Control group type | - | - | - | - | - | 34 | 0.30 (1, 2.9) | 0.623 |
| Attention, education, or component control | - | 37 | 81 | 0.21 (0.14, 0.29) | 0.13 | - | - | - |
| Wait-list or standard care | - | 4 | 7 | 0.27 (−0.09. 0.63) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Outcome factors | ||||||||
| Spiritual well-being outcome | - | - | - | - | - | 30 | 2.88 (2, 14.2) | 0.089 |
| Primary | - | 17 | 39 | 0.31 (0.17, 0.46) | 0.20 | - | - | - |
| Secondary | - | 15 | 38 | 0.15 (0.06, 0.23) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Unspecified | - | 9 | 11 | 0.09 (0.08, 0.26) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
| Outcome measure | - | - | - | - | - | 42 | 6.27 (1, 9.7) | 0.032 |
| FACIT-Sp | - | 30 | 67 | 0.25 (0.17, 0.34) | 0.13 | - | - | - |
| Otherc | - | 12 | 21 | 0.10 (−0.02, 0.23) | 0.00 | - | - | - |
Abbreviations: CBT, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; LASA, Linear Analogue-Self Assessment; QOL-CS SpWb, Quality of Life-Breast Cancer Spiritual Well-Being subscale.
a
Other cancer types included: Cervical, head/neck, prostate, leukemia, melanoma and mixed types.
b
Other delivery formats included: Online, telephone, print, self-delivered and combinations thereof.
c
Other outcome measures included: QOL-BC spiritual well-being subscale, QOL-CS spiritual well-being subscale, Body-mind-spirit well-being inventory (BMSWBI), LASA, spiritual well-being item, Expressions of Spirituality Inventory.