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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychooncology. 2020 Oct 12;30(2):147–158. doi: 10.1002/pon.5562

TABLE 2.

Moderator analyses of demographic, clinical, intervention, study design, and outcome variables

Mean (SD) Number of studies Number of effect size estimates Average ES (95% Cl) τ^ I2 (%) F(df1, df2) P
Demographic factors
Average participant age 56.4 (7.2) 40 87 −0.003 (−0.02. 0.01) 0.13 55 0.27 (1, 12.7) 0.612
Average % female 79.5 40 87 0.00 (−0.004, 0.004) 0.14 56 0.00 (1, 12.3) 0.988
Clinical variables
Cancer-type - - - - - 34 0.87 (1, 19.0) 0.362
Breast - 17 40 0.24 (0.10. 0.39) 0.18 - - -
Othera - 24 48 0.17 (0.10, 0.25) 0.03 - - -
Cancer stage - - - - - 53 1.34 (2. 10.2) 0.311
Early - 9 19 0.19 (0.02, 0.36) 0.03 - - -
Advanced - 8 19 0.27 (0.09, 0.44) 0.07 - - -
Mixed - 18 39 0.14 (0.07, 0.22) 0.00 - - -
Not reported - 6 11 0.42 (−0.31, 0.86) 0.36 - - -
Cancer phase - - - - - 39 0.07 (2. 5.5) 0.937
Curative - 4 19 0.17 (0.03, 0.30) 0.00 - - -
Mixed - 15 30 0.16 (0.06, 0.26) 0.00 - - -
Palliative - 1 6 0.21 (−1.72, 2.13) 0.07 - - -
Post-treatment - 12 21 0.19 (0.04, 0.34) 0.02 - - -
Not reported - 9 12 0.35 (0.08, 0.62) 0.29 - - -
Intervention characteristics
Delivery format - - - - - 28 1.48 (1, 4.1) 0.290
In-person - 34 74 0.21 (0.14, 0.29) 0.10 - - -
Otherb - 7 13 0.15 (−0.02, 0.32) 0.00 - - -
Intervention modality - - - - - 45 2.50 (2, 4.7) 0.182
Individual - 22 49 0.16 (0.10, 0.22) 0.00 - - -
Dyad - 3 10 0.01 (−0.59, 0.62) 0.14 - - -
Group - 16 29 0.33 (0.17, 0.48) 0.20 - - -
Intervention-type - - - - - 55 2.15 (5. 9.4) 0.147
Creative arts - 5 10 0.32 (0.14, 0.50) 0.00 - - -
Education/Healthy lifestyle behaviours - 5 12 0.03 (−0.17, 0.22) 0.08 - - -
Meaning/Existential - 7 12 0.39 (0.09, 0.70) 0.26 - - -
Meditation/Yoga - 10 17 0.25 (0.09, 0.41) 0.17 - - -
Multimodal - 5 10 0.28 (−0.10, 0.67) 0.17 - - -
Skills-based/CBT - 12 27 0.14 (0.04, 0.23) 0.00 - - -
Intervention sessions - 39 85 −0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.13 55 0.10 (1, 1.7) 0.786
Study design characteristics
Control group type - - - - - 34 0.30 (1, 2.9) 0.623
Attention, education, or component control - 37 81 0.21 (0.14, 0.29) 0.13 - - -
Wait-list or standard care - 4 7 0.27 (−0.09. 0.63) 0.00 - - -
Outcome factors
Spiritual well-being outcome - - - - - 30 2.88 (2, 14.2) 0.089
Primary - 17 39 0.31 (0.17, 0.46) 0.20 - - -
Secondary - 15 38 0.15 (0.06, 0.23) 0.00 - - -
Unspecified - 9 11 0.09 (0.08, 0.26) 0.00 - - -
Outcome measure - - - - - 42 6.27 (1, 9.7) 0.032
FACIT-Sp - 30 67 0.25 (0.17, 0.34) 0.13 - - -
Otherc - 12 21 0.10 (−0.02, 0.23) 0.00 - - -

Abbreviations: CBT, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy; LASA, Linear Analogue-Self Assessment; QOL-CS SpWb, Quality of Life-Breast Cancer Spiritual Well-Being subscale.

a

Other cancer types included: Cervical, head/neck, prostate, leukemia, melanoma and mixed types.

b

Other delivery formats included: Online, telephone, print, self-delivered and combinations thereof.

c

Other outcome measures included: QOL-BC spiritual well-being subscale, QOL-CS spiritual well-being subscale, Body-mind-spirit well-being inventory (BMSWBI), LASA, spiritual well-being item, Expressions of Spirituality Inventory.